Socrates Is A Good Person - 1240 Words

In an effort to spread the word of Socrates to a larger audience, Plato often wrote down the discussions he held in the form of dialogues. In these dialogues, Socrates continuously makes an effort to define that which is not easily defined and addresses questions in which the solution is not always straight forward. Reading through Plato’s dialogues, such as, Euthyphro, Crito and The Apology, readers can ponder the claims Socrates makes and receive a particular insight into his point of view. It is known that Socrates is sentenced to death after being charged with corrupting the youth and denying the existence of the gods, as he presents his defense in The Apology. However, the debate as to whether or not Socrates is a â€Å"good person† is left up to interpretation as he never clearly states that he believes himself to be one. Nevertheless, his actions reflect that he is indeed a good person because of his constant pursuit of the complete truth in all matters, his life style choices and unconcern for material objects and lastly his lack of fear in the certain face of death. In Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates’ innate need to reach a certain â€Å"undisputed truth† or the most â€Å"accurate truth† is abundantly clear. In this dialogue, Socrates is summoned to court by Meletus on charges of impurity while Euthyphro must prosecute his own father who is charged with murdering a hired hand. However, the dialogue is quickly veered toward uncovering the complete definition of â€Å"piety†, as SocratesShow MoreRelatedPlato s Euthyphro And Apology893 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of â€Å"being a good person†. This concept highlights the values of virtue and selflessness and at the same time juxtapose views on virtue while taking into account the different forms of rationality. In this paper, I will highlight how Plato uses his two dialogues to enforce his own opinion about the relationship between being wise a nd being a good person, and evaluate the inconsistencies within this claim. In Apology, Plato s representation of Socrates states as I thought and believedRead MoreSocrates s Argument On The Trial867 Words   |  4 Pages After the trial, Socrates was found guilty of his allegations and sentence to death. While waiting for his upcoming execution, he received a visit of his old faithful friend named Crito. Actually, Socrates friend had made an arrangement with other friends to help him escape from prison. Contrary to Crito’s suggestion, Socrates vetoed his friend proposal. Socrates on the other hand, provided several good and convincing reasons of not escaping prison by using law as a principal guide.Read More Morality Essay618 Words   |  3 Pages Plato Republic nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates engages in conversations with people claiming to be experts, usual in ethical matters. By asking simple questions, Socrates gradually reveals that these people were in fact very confused and did not actually know anything about the matters about which they claimed to be an expert. Morality is the ethical matter that is brought up in Plato’s Republic. Socrates argues the response of Cephalus, Polemarchus and Thrasymachus on what morality isRead MoreSocrates Vs. Plato s Lysis1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthis kind of companionship, just as Socrates does in Plato’s Lysis. In this philosophical dialogue, Socrates and his peers debate potential theories concerning the reasons why people become friends with one another. Several theories are developed, but throughout the dialogue Socrates counters his own arguments in order to achieve further understanding of his inquiry. As they deliberate the true nature of friendship, Plato’s writing pa rallels his teacher, Socrates’ style because it ends in perplexityRead MoreInterview With Plato: . Question: What Important Questions1345 Words   |  6 Pagesis justice?† Socrates addresses this question both in terms of political communities and in terms of the individual person or soul. He does this to address the second and driving question of the dialogue: â€Å"is the just person happier than the unjust person?† or â€Å"what is the relation of justice to happiness?† Given the two central questions of the discussion, Plato’s philosophical concerns in the dialogue are ethical and political. In order to address these two questions, Socrates and his interlocutorsRead MoreWhat did it mean for a man in Ancient Greece to lead a good life, according to Platos’s four dialogs in the Trial and Death of Socrates?1010 Words   |  5 Pageslead a good life, according to Platos’s four dialogs in the Trial and Death of Socrates? In Ancient Greece, leading a good life is rather more complex than it is in today’s society. It is evidenced in Plato’s four dialogs in The Trial and Death of Socrates. Through the dialogues of Socrates we can learn that in Ancient Greece education, religion, society in general, law and values played a major role on a person’s way of living a good life. In the dialogues of The Trial and Death of Socrates, societyRead MoreThe Trial And Death Of Socrates1701 Words   |  7 PagesIn reading, The Trial and Death of Socrates, Socrates presents himself against â€Å"the majority† and endures prosecution for inventing new gods and not believing in old ones. Socrates lives a life that is opposite of much of the â€Å"the majority† ideals. â€Å"The majority† values goods, possessions, and uncontrollable attributes given to them by others such as a high reputation and honor. In addition, The Greek Philosopher was able to refuse the opportunity to es cape his death sentence while he had sons atRead MoreThe Apology: The Understanding of the Soul in Life and Death Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesbrief synopsis of each major theme, with an analysis and my opinion following, and ending with the question of Socrates own death. Firstly, Plato introduces the important concept that it is far worse for one to do wrong than to suffer wrongdoing. Socrates, refusing to be harmed by Meletus, believes that â€Å"it is not allowed that a good man be injured by a worse† (pg. 41). Despite Socrates impending death or banishment, he does not think that these are the worst possible situations and still goesRead MoreSocrates1099 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates the Greek Philosopher December 14, 2014 PHI/105 In the beautiful city of Athens, Greece, there was a philosopher Socrates, and his Socratic method, was laid on the groundwork for the Western systems of logic and philosophy. Socrates did believe that he didnt know anything, and It was because of this that the Oracle told Socrates that he was wise and that he should seek out the wise men to hear what they had to say. So Socrates began to travel to different parts of Greece to questionRead MoreMortality Is A Good Thing Or Is Immorality A Bad Thing? Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesis a good thing or is immorality a bad thing? Most of us do not realize that part of one of our issues of living a good life is doing the right thing. Aristotle talks about that each and one of us has their own lives to live and we make our own decisions. Mortality is more flexible and changing. What is right today can be wrong tomorrow and what was wrong yesterday can be right today. It is unavoidable that people will go against laws of society from time t o time. Some people will steal goods from

The Role Of Private Military Contractors ( Pmcs )

Thesis: The role of private military contractors (PMCs) has expanded tremendously since the end of the Cold War when western governments began the process of trimming their bloated military forces. As privatization commenced, governments began to rely upon a new kind of contractor that sold not only hardware but also manpower and expertise. Even as conventional military forces declined, the need for highly capable, professional soldiers remained pressing, especially in conflict prone areas around the world. PMCs filled these gaps, providing military assistance, advice, and security services to governments, companies, and NGOs. However, the role of these companies, and the legal framework surrounding them remains up for debate, and recent cases of misconduct with deadly consequences only muddy the waters further. The question remains: do PMCs serve to help or hurt human rights in areas where they are deployed? In this paper, I will argue that PMCs do have a critical role in the modern battlefield as providers of logistical, training, and security services, but their use in offensive actions or assistance with so called â€Å"black operations† should be circumscribed to the point of nonexistence. I will analyze two cases studies where PMCSs were deployed: Iraq and Sierra Leone to determine the positive and negative ramifications of their deployment. PMCs have upheld human rights in the vast majority of areas where they have been deployed, and it has not been shown that they areShow MoreRelatedHow Private Military Companies Affect Modern Africa1446 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth of professionalized military companies and the loss of political will to deploy conventional forces by Western countries, the usage of mercenaries is only going to increase. This growth is leading to studies about the ethical, economic, and political applications and ramifications regarding private military companies and their future use in Africa. This literature review examines policy experts#39; and political scientists#39; research on the ways Private Military Companies effect modern AfricaRead MoreThe Work Of A Mercenary1558 Words   |  7 Pagesperforming some sort of military duty, for pay, without nationalist allegiance, has been a job â€Å"...since the dawn of warfare, from Xenophon s ‘ten thousand’ Greeks hired to fight in Persia to the Swiss Guards who protect the Vatican today (Blood and Treasure). Simply put, Mercenaries are nothing new. However only in the last 60 or so years has a new, modern form of mercenary work come into practice. Modern mercenaries today often function in the form of a Private Military Corporation or PMC. These are corporationsRead MorePrivate Military Companies Mere War Profiteers or a Cost-Effective Alternative3345 Words   |  14 PagesPrivate Military Companies Mere War Profiteers or a cost-effective alternative? [†¦] â€Å"This war has been privatized more than any other war in history†¦ forty cents of every dollar Congress controls goes to private contractors.†1 In Iraq for Sale: The War Profiteers Robert Greenwald shows how private companies have made millions of the Iraq War performing duties that used to be done by the government. In that same documentary, private military companies are portrayed as greedy, profit-seekingRead MorePrivate Military Contractors and the Middle East1433 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the Middle East, the use of private military contractors has significantly heightened, due to the call of attacks in these countries. PMC’s take up much cost for a country to fund, and the increasing rates are bringing drawbacks onto working citizens. However, there PMC’s are also vital in order for a country to maintain its armed security forces. On the other hand, mercenaries are people who take part in armed conflicts. The PMC’s hire these mercenaries to work under them in helping takeRead MoreThe War Of The Great And Hannibal Barca1388 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies or rulers. Many wars are now fought by the countries formed military, but many are not aware that battles are fought by a new kind of warrior, private military companies (PMC) or better known as mercenary army’s. A mercenary is traditionally defined as â€Å"a group or person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is motivated to take part in the hostilities by the desire for private gain or hire’. Mercenary armies have been around for decades, datingRead MoreA Brief Note On The Private Security Companies3318 Words   |  14 PagesI. Introduction Private Security Companies (PSC) are companies that offer military and security services around the world in austere and undeveloped nations, as well as in developing and democratizing states. Made up of highly-skilled individuals, PSCs have available to them an arsenal of unique and coveted capabilities their clients consider essential in their specific environment. From a dangerous armed combat mission to more fulfilling mission of supporting humanitarian aid, PSCs offer the abilityRead MoreWhat Factors Must a Firm Consider While Addressing the Make or Buy Decision?3664 Words   |  15 Pagesa firm consider while addressing the make or buy decision? Ans: International Operations management and corporate strategy: Operations management of an International business needs to be integrated with the firm’s corporate strategy. The central role of operations management is to create the potential for achieving superior value for the firm. If operations management takes Rs. 100 worth of inputs and brings out product worth Rs. 150, it has crated considerable value for the firm. However, if itRead MoreRussia And The Ukrainian War2213 Words   |  9 Pagescountries. In late June of 2014 there was a ceasefire between the rebels and the Ukrainian military. During that period of time the leaders contacted each other to try and achieve peace. During those ten days did a ceasefire actually happen? No because the rebels continued to attack the Ukrainian military. Putin went on national T.V. and gave a show of him telling the Russian parliament to cease all military activity. They didn’t do that either. Putin and his Russian government friends put on a showRead MoreSSD2 Module 3 Notes22142 Words   |  89 Pagescrews, and small teams. NCOs take broad guidance from their leaders; identify the necessary tasks, standards, and resources; and then plan, prepare, execute, and assess training. They ensure their Soldiers demonstrate proficiency in their individual military occupational specialty (commonly known as MOS) skill, warrior tasks, and battle drills. NCOs instill in Soldiers discipline, resiliency, the Warrior Ethos, and Army Values. In their assessment, NCOs provide feedback on task proficiency and the qualityRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagessurvived since it is being paid for out of the public purse. It would have been culled last year if this had been a private sector Programme! 1. [pic] Anish Mathai Mathew [PMP|MBA] Temenos T24 PROGRAM MANAGER at Union National Bank @Karl: Thanks for your comment and the great example. Guess in that case you d agree that LUCK (no matter how small), does play a role ;) .... [Mathew@PM4K] @ http://www.anishmathaimathew.blogspot.com 2. [pic] Nico

Short Story Essay Thesis Example For Students

Short Story Essay Thesis Eric rubbed the sleep off his eyes and took farewell of Trabant. He walked away from the place where he had spend the night. He felt hunger and started to search hi pockets for some money. He found some small change but not enough to buy himself a breakfast. He walked towards the market. Suddenly a man grabbed his shoulder. Hey, Eric need some money? The man said. Oh Its you, Tyrel, Yee I suppose so. Good Eric! The same price as always?In the same time Sophia woke up. She took a quick shower and walked downstairs to the dining room to have breakfast. Her parents where already there, dad was reading the morning paper and mom sat and polished her nails. Sophia sat down beside the table and the housekeeper came into the room with her breakfast. While Sophia had her breakfast she could not stop thinking about Eric. Here I am, siting here and eating a big breakfast on silver plates and Eric maybe dont even have money for a tiny cheeseburger. Sophia raised up from the chair and ran up to her room and grabbed all the money she got and rushed out to the hallway and grabbed her jacket. She took the metro down to the city and walked into McDonalds where she had met Eric the other day. She stood there in the middle of McDonalds spinning around with her look searching for Eric. But he wasnt there She walked towards the exit when she saw someone outside McDonalds walking towards her. It was Eric, but he walk in a funny way, almost as it he had hes two legs in plaster. I dont want you to see me like this. Said Eric. There were a moment of silence and they stood there almost as it the time had stooped. Remember the proposal, about to travel away someplace? Eric do you remember that?Another moment of silence filled their time. But but your school and your parents? They will not miss me, the only thing that maters to them is their money. They dont got any space for me in their life. Sophia and Eric went back to the place where they had met Oliver, before but they couldnt find him. They walked the same way they had done with Oliver the night before, but there were no trace of him. They sat down at a park bench and rested. We have to do it without Oliver. There is no chance that we are going to find him. Yee you have probably right. There is no way we are going to find Oliver. So Eric, where do you want travel? Hey stop here! first of all, what can we afford? I I took some money before I left home its enough. Oh you stole from your parents, right? No I didnt yes I did just a little money. They are not going to miss it. They sat there on the park bench for a while, then Eric said. SOPHIA! STOP READING THAT SILLY BOOK AND COME DOWN HERE AND HELP ME WITH THE DINER!Sophia closed the book and put it away. Sophia swept the blanket around her and stared to walk towards the kitchen she lived in a small house in bronx. Bibliography:

Rhetorical Analysis

Introduction The magazine article â€Å"How to have a conversation† by John McDermott is a personal journey by the writer who wanted to investigate whether the art of conversation could be taught in formal settings. He joins a conversation class with the intention of becoming a great entertainer through skills learnt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, he soon realizes that theories and abstract ideas dominate the class. This did not obscure the important lessons he drew from the class about the purpose of conversation. Through the use of rhetorical devices, the author expresses himself vividly, effectively and interestingly. Rhetorical devices John McDermott relies on metaphors throughout the article to facilitate the conceptualization of his ideas, which makes his work effective and well understood. Metaphors are a brilliant way of capturing the emotional state of an experience (Ortony and Fainsilber 182). To better understand their use, one can contrast them to literal language. McDermott (12) says â€Å"none of my new friends said they wanted to be a raconteur in the Coleridge or the Hitchens mould.† In this situation, he would have described the state of being a good conversationalist and hoped that his readers could deduce what he meant by that. However, he chooses to use the metaphor â€Å"in the Hitchens mould† to capture the quality of being a good conversationalist. Instead of merely describing the conditions of his subject matter, he chose an example of a great conversationalist, like Hitchens that the world knows. It is for this same reason that he uses the metaphor â€Å"We were Boswells, not Johnsons†. He wanted to capture the simplicity and well-meaning intentions of his classmates in one word rather than in a plethora of phrases (University of British Columbia 7). Metaphors have facilitate d conceptualization of the writer’s ideas by making the work richer (Your Dictionary 4). For instance, he states â€Å"They faced a white wall that had been attacked by black paint, which had left behind a monochromatic mural.† (McDermott 20). The author sparks interest in his writing by augmenting it with metaphorical language. It would have been less appealing for him to state merely that the classroom had black and white paint. Metaphors thus create a better understanding of what the writer experienced by first drawing the reader’s attention and then clarifying the quality of emotions behind it. In the article, diction has enabled the writer to sustain interest in the piece thus enriching his work. Words like â€Å"raillery† or â€Å"raconteur† could have been easily replaced by ‘jest’ or ‘amusing speaker’, respectively, but these would not have elicited the same reaction as the author’s choices (McDermott 5).Adv ertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The word choices create a positive attitude toward the writer from the readers because they give the impression that he is well-versed with literary knowledge. Since some of these words are not used in everyday language, some readers would have to look them in the dictionary to find their meaning (Britannica 2). This can be a painstaking experience if the whole piece is filled with such unusual words. However, McDermott did not select and fix these atypical words meaninglessly throughout the paper. He seems to have given them a lot of thought before using them because the words are the most effective for expressing what the author intended. English has a range of synonyms that may be used to describe similar situations. However, these choices still allude to different things (Writer’s Digest 7). For instance, if the author wanted to mock the America n self help model using a clever word, he could have called Americans â€Å"pretentious†, â€Å"overeager† or â€Å"fraudulent†. Instead, he chose to describe them as â€Å"charlatans peddling snake oil for the soul† (McDermott 16). This description suggests that American self help groups teach skills that they do not have. Describing them as overeager would have masked their dishonesty while the world ‘fraudulent’ would have been too confrontational. A pretentious person is not the same as a charlatan because the former focuses on his significance while the latter focuses on his skills and knowledge. Therefore, the author selected the most effective word for expressing what he had in mind. It is laudable that these unique word choices do not detract the audience’s attention from the rest of the text (WiseGeek 20). is indeed a difficult skill to master, and is a mark of a writer’s accomplishment. Readers who do not know difficul t words should be able to understand the overall meaning of the article. This is exactly what one can do in the story. It is possible to deduce meanings from context or overlook the unusual word and still understand the essay (Pinker 75). Overall, the author’s word choice is impressive as it renders credibility to him as an author thus making the work appealing. The style of sentences in the piece also sustains interest in the story, and explains why one would continue reading it until the end. Periodic sentences are prevalent in various parts of the article. McDermott does this in order to emphasize his subject matter as well as to create suspense in the topic (Pearson Education 21). It should be noted that periodic sentences have predicates at the beginning alongside main clauses at the end. The method is climatic and ideal for literary writings like the one under analysis. A case in point was â€Å"Listening to these stories, I felt slightly disappointed.† (McDermot t 18). The author probably used the latter example in order to achieve sentence variety. His piece would have been monotonous if he stuck to conventional sentence constructions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the approach builds suspense because one has to wait until the end to find out what the main idea is. For instance, when a reader first looks at the quoted sentence, the person wonders what is it about listening to stories that affects the writer. This builds suspense and causes one to pay attention to the second part of the sentence to complete the thought. In essence, the periodic sentence is only effective if used sparingly, and this is what the author has done. Aside from periodic sentences, McDermott has employed unconventional sentence structures throughout the piece. For example, he says â€Å"What makes a good conversationalist has changed little over the years.† Instead of writing â€Å"what makes a good conversationalist has not changed†, he employed a more unconventional but poetic sentence structure. This breaks monotony and improves the writer’s style (University of Ottawa 11). McDermott appears to defy some grammatical rules thus indicating that he has intertwined formal and informal writing. In one instance, he starts a sentence with a preposition â€Å"And to have a bit of fun on a Tuesday night†. (McDermott 33). His disregard for certain rules shows that he is a versatile author who does not confine himself to the status quo. The style of sentences in the piece is critical in compelling readers to read on as there is little monotony. Conclusion Rhetorical devices in the article serve more than just aesthetic reasons. The author’s diction renders credibility to him and sustains interest in the work. His varied sentence styles break monotony and establish his status as a versatile writer. McDermott’s metaphors enable better understanding of work by making them more rich and relatable. These devices thus prove that the article is creative, vivid and clearly written. Works Cited Britannica. 2013. Definition of diction. 2013. Web. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/162264/diction McDermott, John. 2012. How to have a conversation. 9 Mar. 2012. Web. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/564ceb92-67f3-11e1-978e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1pIgNwzMo Ortony, Andrew and Lynn Fainsilber. 2013. The role of metaphors in descriptions of emotions. Pdf file. Web. http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~ortony/Andrew_Ortony_files/fainsilber-ortony.pdfAdvertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pearson Education. 2010. Loose and periodic sentences. 2010. Web. http://wps.ablongman.com/long_yarber_rbg_7/54/13947/3570484.cw/content/index.html Pinker, Simon. The stuff of thought: Language as a window in human nature. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2007. Print. University of British Columbia. 2013. Rhetorical analysis: Critical writing. 2013. Web. http://cstudies.ubc.ca/writers-workshop/writers-toolbox/rhetorical-analysis/critical-writing.html University of Ottawa. 2013. The order of a sentence. 2013. Web. http://www.writingcentre.uottawa.ca/hypergrammar/sntorder.html WiseGeek. 2013. What is the role of diction in literature?. 2013. Web. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-role-of-diction-in-literature.htm Writer’s Digest. 2013. The importance of diction. 11 Mar. 2008. Web. http://www.writersdigest.com/writing-articles/by-writing-goal/improve-my-writing/the_importance_of_diction Your Dictionary. 2013. Metaphor examples. 2013. Web. I Jun. 2013. http://examples.yourdictionar y.com/metaphor-examples.html This essay on Rhetorical Analysis was written and submitted by user Sh00t1ngStar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Rhetorical Analysis

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essays

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essays Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essay Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Essay WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 1 Week 4 Assignment 1 Edwin Lopez-Petrilli Professor William Hall Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Tuesday July 26, 2011 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 2 Explain why market prices are useful to a financial manager. Financial managers are tasked with making investment decisions, financing, and managing cash flows from operating activities therefore when prices from competitive markets determine the cash value of goods and the price determines the value of the goods. Financial managers must be able to evaluate costs and benefits in order to make the right decisions that benefit the organization. When market prices are used to evaluate the costs and benefits, in terms of cash on hand now, the determination is the best decision for the organization. This makes the organization and its investors profits, because the value of its benefits exceeds the value of its cost. Discuss how the Valuation Principle helps a financial manager make decisions. . The task of every financial manager is to make educated decisions on behalf of the investors and shareholders. Managers in these positions are faced with questions regarding investments, production, etc. ; each and every day. It is too often that within an organization, a propose idea that sounds good at the time but may not be of benefit. It is the job of the financial managers to break the idea down into detail to analyze the cost and benefits, and then make a decision based on concrete numbers. The process is the Valuation Principle, an analysis between the value of the cots and the value of its benefits. It provides a basis for making decisions within a company. : In a competitive market in which the good(s) can be bought and sold at the same price, the value of a good(s) is set by its price, and any personal opinion or preference is irrelevant when determining value. WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 3 Describe how the Net Present Value is related to cost-benefit analysis. . Cost-benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit-cost analysis (BCA), is an economic decision-making approach, used particularly in government and business. CBA is used in the assessment of whether a proposed project, program or policy is worth doing, or to choose between several alternatives. It involves comparing the total expected costs of each option against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much. In CBA, benefits and costs are expressed in money terms, and are adjusted for the time value of money, so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs over time (which tend to occur at different points in time) are expressed on a common basis in terms of their net -present value. CBA usually tries to put all relevant costs and benefits on a common temporal footing using time value of money formulas. This is often done by converting the future expected streams of costs and benefits into a present value amount using a suitable discount rate. Explain how an interest rate is just a price. Money like any other good can be bought and sold with a supply and a demand, interest rate is the equivalent of the price of that good over a period of time. When money is borrowed, interest is typically paid to the lender as a percentage of the principal, the amount owed. The percentage of the principal that is paid as a fee over a certain period of time is called the interest rate (price). Therefore interest is the price paid over a period of time for the acquired good(s) now. In economics, interest is considered the price of credit. WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 4 Describe how a bond is like a loan. A bond is like a loan: the issuer is the borrower (debtor), the holder is the lender (creditor), and the coupon is the interest. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance longterm investments, or, in the case of government bonds, to finance current expenditure. Bonds must be repaid at fixed intervals over a period of time. A bond is a debt security, in which the authorized issuer owes the holders a debt depending on the terms of the bond, is indebted to pay interest (the coupon) and/or to repay the principal at a later date, termed maturity. A bond is a formal contract to repay borrowed money with interest at fixed intervals. Just like borrowing money for any purpose there’s a term and an interest that is paid for the use of that good. WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 5 References Berk, J. , DeMarzo, P. , Harford, J. (2009). FIN100:Fundamentals of corporate finance: 2010 custom edition. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.

How to Figure Out if You Can Patent Your Idea

How to Figure Out if You Can Patent Your Idea A  patent  is a set of  exclusive rights  granted to an inventor for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an  invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more  claims  that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant  patentability  requirements, such as  novelty,  usefulness, and  non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using, selling, importing or distributing a patented invention without permission. Under the  World Trade Organizations (WTO)  Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection  available should be a minimum of 20  years.  Nevertheless, there are variations on what is  patentable subject matter  from country to country. Is Your Idea  Patentable? To see if your idea is patentable: First, check to see if your idea qualifies.Second, learn the basics of the patenting process.Next, do a search for of all previous public disclosures that concern your invention. These public disclosures are called prior art. Prior art includes any patents related to your invention, any published articles about your invention, and any public demonstrations. This determines if your idea has been patented before or publicly disclosed, making it unpatentable. A registered patent attorney or agent can be hired to do a patentability search for prior art, and a big part of that is searching for U.S. and foreign patents that compete with your invention. After an application is filed, the USPTO will conduct their own patentability search as part of the official examination process. Patent Searching Conducting a thorough patent search is difficult, particularly for the novice. Patent searching is a learned skill. A novice in the United States could contact the nearest Patent and Trademark Depository Library (PTDL) and seek out search experts to help in setting up a search strategy. If you are in the Washington, D.C. area, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) provides public access to collections of patents, trademarks, and other documents at its Search Facilities located in Arlington, Virginia. It is possible, however difficult, for you to conduct your own patent search. You should not assume that your idea has not been patented even if you find no evidence of it being publicly disclosed. It is important to remember that a thorough examination at the USPTO may uncover U.S. and foreign patents as well as non-patent literature.

Feminism in the 1900s Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feminism in the 1900s - Research Paper Example Occurrence of the World Wars had a substantial impact on their revolution since they were influenced to take a stand. This paper will explore ideas from different sources such as â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Fitzgerald, â€Å"A Raising in the Sun† by Hansberry and â€Å"Jasmine† by Mukherjee, thereby discussing feminism in 1900s. During 1990s, women had managed to make their way into manual labor force in America, and others acquired professional occupations. For instance, Hansberry in â€Å"A Raising in the Sun† explains that Beneatha was socially progressive, whereby she undertook a course in the medical field and this enabled her to provide for her family (Hansberry, 23). On the other hand, women commenced to engage in a struggle aimed at establishing equal pay after the First and Second World Wars. In fact, this was contrary to expectations that they would give up their jobs and resume to their initial role of being domestic caregivers. Furthermore, they engaged into strikes, and they had a conviction that their effort would leave an incessant mark on American society. Women’s freedom to change their lives was attained during the 1900s, whereby they were offered a chance to vote and right to acquire education. In fact, this revolution led to increased changes in the work force, while fashion in America underwent continual upheavals. There were changes in women’s dressing, whereby they used fashion as a way of expressing themselves. For instance, in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by Fitzgerald, there is a character named Myrtle Wilson, who is highly concerned with appearance and fashion (Fitzgerald, 26). During 1900s, women managed to acquire professions that were reserved for men, though there were those who decided to be employed in keeping boarding houses. In this case, women were able to secure employment in medical field (like Beneatha in â€Å"A Raising in the Sun†), while others became lawyers. In fact, a ll this revolution is attributable to revolution that occurred in nineteenth century. During this period, acceptance towards women increased significantly; this acceptance was based on their suitability in various occupations. Nonetheless, other women decided to continue with their domestic roles, thereby being excluded from attaining factory occupations and other professions such as writing or teaching Women who were married at a young age were denied a chance to pursue a career in the medical field due to lack of accessibility to necessary education. For instance, Beneatha became a professional in the medical field since she was not married; in fact, she was still living with her parents (Hansberry, 20). Prior to 1990s, women were offered a chance to become nurses, while men were offered a chance to become doctors. In addition, before the revolution in 1900s, there was a prohibition, which barred women from joining American Medical Association; in fact, they would not attend some medical colleges such as Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, but in 1910, women could join medical schools (Women's International Centre, 1). According to Women's International Centre, only seventeen and five present of doctors in America were women prior to 1900s (1). In fact, by 1930, there were no substantial improvements in women situation concerning other

Historical Educational Theorists Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Educational Theorists Letter - Essay Example Indeed, this is a serious concern that can affect any school system, for this reason; there are certain steps that need to be taken into consideration by your administration to restore the system to its full functioning. It is important to understand that the process of real education only happens through the stimulation process of a child’s powers, these often comes about because of social demands that the individual child finds himself in. By interacting with these societal demands, a learner is inspired to act in a way that portrays him as a member of that community. In my perspective, â€Å"I believe that in the ideal school, we have the reconciliation of the individualistic and the institutional ideals† (Dewey, 2013), therefore, you need to outline clearly these separate ideals. In this way, the learner finally graduates to become a useful and reliable member of the school and community. In my view, â€Å"I believe that the child should be stimulated and controlled in his work through the life of the community† (Dewey, 2013), and not being forced to conform to the system that is set. Therefore, what exactly needs to be done? I would prefer that you play the leading role as a leader of the institution to create an environment in which learners can know how to interact with various systems in the school. In this case, create core values that the administration and school community can uphold, they should be values that facilitate proper communication, respect, love and excellence among others. Through these needs, learners will find themselves with the urge to behave in certain ways that are in line with the core values set. Keep in mind that the school is a social community where learners, teachers and other stakeholders play a crucial role in shaping the values of a child for life. The management problems and the poor relationship that exists in your institution can be due to lack of proper awareness about the

Crash Essay Example for Free

Crash Essay Description: The film Crash illustrates through various characters many themes that are sociologically relevant and have been intensely covered in course lectures and readings. With the extensive minority groups presented throughout the film; elements of prejudice, discrimination, deviance, patterns of accommodation, as well as strain theory are evident. The film offers an array of conflict in four characters especially that will be discussed here. â€Å"Anthony† and â€Å"Peter Waters† two African-American men, â€Å"Farhad† a Persian shop owner, and â€Å"Officer John Ryan† a white prejudiced policeman all display interesting characteristics of the theories mentioned above. Analysis: Anthony and Peter both commit criminal acts and fit well into the innovation as part of deviance model. They do not believe that they can conform and do not see other opportunities in the largely white areas in which they steal cars, admitting that they want to steal from whites, as they perceive whites to have privilege and hostility toward them. Peter is shot while Anthony attempts to redeem himself by helping another minority group, who he sees to be exploited due to their minority status. Officer Ryan is a prejudiced policeman, who feels the trickle down effect of strain theory. Due to the loss of his father’s job due to affirmative action policies and the subsequent issues with him receiving improper healthcare, this officer turns his frustration to blacks as a whole due to the strain of his father’s condition. Finally, Farhad exhibits the patterns of accommodation, as he attempts to assimilate to the United States, he distrusts others in the different minority groups and feels the shame of being called a terrorist. He retaliates by attempting to kill a Mexican-American, as his level of conflict with other groups is extremely high. Self-reflection: This film is very effective in showing how theories can be applied to actual events that occur in the lives of minorities and those with white privilege. The complex interactions between the different groups highlight much of what conflict theory proposes and elements of structural functionalism, as well. I would highly recommend this movie to any sociology student or others, who have an interest in how groups in society function and deal with one another on a daily basis.

An Investigation into the Portrayal or Truth Within the Documentary Gen

As documentary by its very nature introduces itself as factual, concerns exist as to where the boundary between the truth of subject and the fiction produced by its creator emerges. As anything that has been edited has by definition removed certain aspects and enhanced others, there must be at best an innocent naturally occurring bias formed from individual perception, and at worst purposefully manipulated misinformation. Through researching various sources, I intend to discover the difference (if any) between these two methods making factually based programmes, to determine any variables that lie in the ‘grey area’ between the two extremes, and to ascertain the diverse forms of conduct in which truth (and in turn documentary) can be presented to an audience, and to what effect? This report aims to make light of certain elements of documentary making that are perhaps more susceptible to influence on the director’s part, and once again explore the effect of these decisions on the audience’s reaction to the information presented. Corner, J. ed., 1986. Documentary and the mass media. Suffolk: Richard Clay ltd This book contains, amongst other things, an insightful account into the foundations of documentary, in particular its British base and its early days via the medium of radio. It features quotations and journal extracts, as well as interviews with some of the prominent figures of early documentary programming during the first half of the 20th century, before leading into the mass observation experiments beginning in the late 30’s. The book describes the documentary format’s departure from its BBC London base under the guidance of Hilda Matheson and Charles Siepmann, who relocated their mobile recording units to what was kn... ... a documentary film by definition must include visuals, but Ames aspires to explain how an emphasis on certain imagery can be used to persuade as well as inform. Works Cited Corner, J. ed., 1986. Documentary and the mass media. Suffolk: Richard Clay ltd Davies, N. 2008. Flat Earth News. London: Random House Publishing Control Room, 2004. [Film] Directed by Jehane Noujaim. Iraq: World Cinema ltd. Waltz with Bashir, 2008. [Film] Directed by Ari Folman. Israel: Artificial eye. Tompkins, C., 2009. The paradoxical effect of the documentary in Walter Salles’s â€Å"Central do Brasil†. Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature 33 no1 p9-27 Zeitgeist, 2007. [Film] Directed by Peter Joseph. USA: Released via Internet. Available at http://www.zeitgeistmovie.com. [accessed 14/03/2010] Ames, E,. 2009 Herzog, Landscape and Documentary. Cinema Journal v. 48 no. 2 p46-69.

Defending the Meat and Poultry Industry

In the article â€Å"They Die Piece by Piece† Joby Warrick of the Washington Post tells a dramatic story of how animals are slaughtered and strongly advocates for further regulations on the meat and poultry industry in order to better protect animal rights. Thesis: While it may seem like the moral high road to support animal rights regulations, upon evaluating the effects of the proposed solution on our economy it will prove that the status quo remains the most viable option. In order to further understand this situation it is important to evaluate the impact the meat and poultry industry has on the United States economy, the effects of imposing further regulations upon it and the counter arguments to the issues presented by the animal rights movement. Body 1: impact the meat and poultry industry has on our economy Since the end of the second world war the United States has been the world's predominate super power with the efficiency of meat and poultry industries begin a driving factor in maintaining this status. As the world's super power the citizens of the United States have enjoyed an unprecedented amount of opportunities which are often over looked and taken for granted. The United States has an annual gross domestic product of over $15 trillion, the largest in the world and approximately 25% of the global economy (International Monetary Fund). As result of this the possibilities for entrepreneurs and changes in social-economic class are larger then anywhere else in the world. In order to achieve and maintain this level of dominance it is essential for the United States to continue and support its thriving industries. Currently the meat industry in the United States employes 6. 2 million people, totally $200 billion in wages and generates over $83 billion in federal and states tax revenue annually. Additionally, the economic impact of the meat and poultry industry equates to $864 billion annually, approximately 6% of United States' entire GDP (The American Meat Institute). To put this into perspective, Exxon Mobil, the largest company in the world produces $482 billion annually, only about half of the impact of the meat and poultry industry (Forbes). Were we to more tightly regulate the meat and poultry industries it would have a dramatically adverse effect on the United States economy and transitively on every American. Body 2: the effects of imposing further regulations upon it Were further regulations to be imposed on the meat and poultry companies, these added measures will increase overhead costs and these companies will be forced to lay off employees and increase the prices in order to maintain their currently level of profitability. This will adversely effect the economy and well being of America in two ways. First the newly unemployed people will no longer contribute income taxes which work to fund schools, hospitals, police and fire departments, along with ever other public service. Additionally these unemployed people will receive unemployment benefits and welfare which will further drain tax dollars away from essential programs. The second adverse effect will be the rise in food prices. Currently people in America spend less money on food then any other country in the world (Economist. com). As a result people in America have more disposable income to spend on unessential items and help the economy maintain its level of superiority. Rising food costs will effect every single persons level of disposable income and will effectively depress spending on every single other industry. In turn reduced consumer spending will force more layoffs and downsizing of companies and further perpetuate this cycle. As our government continues to collect taxes in a deficit compared to spending they will be forced to cut funding to social programs such as schools and hospitals and the general welfare of people will be effected. A perfect example of this concept is the 2013 Sequester following the failed fiscal cliff negotiations in which the federal government cut $83 billion in funding to national security and domestic programs including â€Å"health, education, drug enforcement, national parks, Hurricane Sandy relief and other programs† (Green). After reviewing the consequences of these proposed regulations it is apparent that well being of humans in America is far more important then the humane treatment of meat and poultry. It is also important to evaluate who will benefit most from these proposed regulations. If American meat and poultry companies are forced to raise there prices due to an escalated cost of production it will create an opportunity for foreign companies to penetrate into the US market. Meaning if regulations were imposed, consumers would switch to purchasing foreign meat and poultry. These foreign companies will be impossible to regulate and the goal of the proposed regulation will not be achieved. Additionally, US companies may move their operations outside of the country which will result in a massive rise in unemployment and loss in tax revenue. Body 3: counter arguments to the issues presented by the animal rights movement. Now lets evaluate the counter arguments to the issues presented by the animal rights movement. The first issues is that animals suffer during the slaughter house process. Human are carnivores and kill animals and eat them, which will obviously require some suffering on the animals behalf. Additionally, regardless of how nice the animals are or how nicely they are treated ultimately all of them are killed. It would be a waste of resources to invest in a product that is facing guaranteed destruction. It would not make sense to give a car a brand new paint job before crushing it at a recycling plant. It may seem unsettling to think about the slaughter house process but understand that life is not all sunshine and rainbows. Many industries practices far more shocking business practices and receive drastically less media attention. For example Foxcon the Chinese company that Manufacturers Apple products such as the iPhone and iPad, has been forced to install safety nets because workers are committing suicide as a result of overbearing work conditions (Moore). Realize these are real people dying and not livestock, yet activist seem to care far less as they write tweets from their apple iPhones. While this information is unsettling it is important to understand these are the measures necessary to maintain the lifestyle that Americans are accustom to. The United States has achieved its super power status by embarking on these efficient processes and without it we would be unable to enjoy the luxuries this country has available. The second issue proposed by animal rights activist is that meat and poultry plants are unsafe for workers. In Joby Warrick's article he says, â€Å"Improperly stunned animals contribute to worker injuries in an industry that already has the nation's highest rate of job-related injuries and llnesses† (Warrick 323). While worker safety is a very important issue, it is in the meat and poultry companies best interest to work to improve the safety of their employees. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that â€Å"Over the last 20 years, injury/illness rates in the U. S. meat industry have improved by nearly 80 percent, as efforts t o enhance workplace safety have taken effect† (Bureau of Labor Statistics). While it is impossible to prevent all work place injuries, a reduction of 80% is a very impressive figure and shows that these companies are actively working to improve safety conditions. Additionally, a portion of the responsibility falls onto the employees who are aware of the dangers of working in a slaughter house presents. For the last 60 years the United States has been the world's predominate super power. We have achieved this level of success by supporting our thriving industries and creating the world's largest and most powerful economy. While the humane treatment of animals appears to be a strong ethical issues upon evaluating the side effects on our economy and the well being of our citizens it is apparent that further regulations should be avoided.

My Big Fat Greek Wedding Essay

â€Å"My Big Fat Greek Wedding† is a romantic comedy that explores cultural differences in a combination of romance and humor. The story revolves around Toula, a thirty-year-old Greek American single woman, who lives with her family in the suburb of Chicago. She works in her family’s business, a restaurant called â€Å"Dancing Zorba’s.† Toula is expected to marry from their ethnic background. However, she struggles with her strict father to convince him that she longs for something else in life. She enrolls in college and takes computer classes. She manages her aunt’s travel agency and starts dating Ian Miller, a white high school English teacher. They date secretly for a while, before she has the courage to introduce him to her family. Her father is angry over her dating a non-Greek. The overall of the story occurs when both sides try to adjust to each other. This movie relates a lot to the five themes of geography we have been studying. It relates to location because they live in the suburbs in Chicago, which is a place. A location is people and places are positioned variously on the Earth’s surface. Also, the father lived in Greece before coming over to the U.S. So therefore, location relates to this movie. It also relates to place, physical and human characteristics distinguish one place from other places. In Greece, you have a very religion type of country. Houses are made to represent the Parthenon, which to the Greeks, is the home of Athena. Rather in, Chicago, you have very modern houses that don’t symbolize really anything. It relates to relationships within places also because in the movie, the family’s house in Chicago resembles the Parthenon, which you wouldn’t exactly see in such a city. It can also relate to movement because the family is constantly on the phone with each other. With Greeks, you would normally have a huge family, so they are constantly talking on cell phones or driving to each other’s houses to gossip. Also, last but not least, it can relate to region. The Earth can be divided into regions to help us understand similarities and differences of people and places. For example, Greece and Chicago are divided because they are very two different places. I really enjoyed watching this movie in class. It was very humorous and I learned a lot. Before watching this movie, I didn’t know that when you marry, your job as a woman is to basically cook, clean, and have kids. That shocked me completely. I loved the movie, however it was very predictable. By the way they set up the movie, you could easily tell what was going to happen next. But the overall movie was great. I would definitely recommend this movie to my friends to watch, it’s a very good movie if you just want to have a good laugh.

Muslims are betrayed in the media Essay Example

Muslims are betrayed in the media Essay Example Muslims are betrayed in the media Essay Muslims are betrayed in the media Essay Name Lecturer Course Date Muslims Are Betrayed In the Media Numerous studies indicate that the media has a profound impact on public opinion. The media generally receives news of various social, political and economic events in order to relay them to the average viewer, listener or reader. However, the influence the media has on the public can be both positive and negative. With respect to the Muslim community, the British media has exercised more of a betrayal approach than a positive portrayal. This can primarily be blamed on the 9/11 and 7/7 terrorist attacks. The word Muslim has also been drawn out of context in most of the media reports and news. Negative reflections of Muslims make the headlines without taking into consideration that the stereotype is extreme. Muslims in the UK continuously complain of the marginalization and demonization they suffer from the media. One of the major stories that made headlines involved to Muslim brothers that were arrested in an inhumane manner. The media had projected the story setting the basis on the fact that they were both Muslims. Allegations forwarded by the police claimed that the two were plotting a biological attack. The raid did not consider their fundamental rights as members of the British society. The portrayal of the media for the two brothers was not a new approach towards terrorism and Muslims. Many Muslims have fallen victim of Islamophobia. This is a renewed concept in the British society and the entire western world. Terrorism and other related evils are strongly associated with Muslims. However, this perception does not take into consideration that terrorists can be of other religions. The reality is that terrorism is driven by extremists and not religion. One story in The Telegraph displayed how a man killed his two daughters in honor of Islam. The article played key focus on the fact that Yaser was Muslim, and it did not take any other consideration of him as a criminal. Muslim honor killing is stated to be the approach taken by Yaser in order to kill his daughters (Duell 3). The motive was that is daughters were dating non-Muslims. Consequently, the Muslim religion has been demonized in the story. The main emphasis of the story is that the religion drives individuals towards heinous crimes like those of Yaser. However, the Islamic religion is centered on principles of peace, understanding and tolerance. In addition, the story was tracing the man back to New York where he was a cab driver. When Muslims are generalized in such stories, public perception is inclined towards the focal point of the headline. The impact is that the public perception changes to consider Muslims as murderers who act in honor of their religion. Another article by the Mail Online displays the story of a man who killed his three daughters. The article headline played keen emphasis on the fact that the man was Muslim. The story states that the man had done the act in honor of Islam (Daily Mail Reporter). It was an action undertaken because the daughters were getting married to the wrong men. Shaffia was the prime suspect in the killing basing on the evidence that was found in the car. He had also called his daughters prostitutes for marrying the men and bringing him shame. The article also states that the Shaffia is not remorseful for what he did. The article once again uses the word â€Å"Muslim† in the headline just like other articles that have Muslim articles. This therefore highlights the role of the Islamic religion in the crime. It also states that it is an honor killing. The first presumption people would have is that it is in honor of Islam. The reality is that the man felt that his daughters had brought shame to his house. Therefore, the Islamic religion is not the main motivation for his killing. However, by reading the article headline one might easily resolve that Islam drove the man to murder the three women. Britain has become the central zone for terrorism in recent years. The controversial and disputed military campaigns overseas have seen the country at a higher risk of terror attacks and extremists. The dangers of terrorism have risen to unprecedented proportions since 2007. In addition to these statistics, the number of attacks and attempted attacks has also been on the rise. With these numbers on the rise, police have also increased their approach towards terrorism. They have launched the global war on terrorism. This has resulted to an increase in the number of arrests on suspected terrorists. In addition, the government created laws to detain the terror suspects to six months without any charges. The Trend Report and European Union Terrorism Situation have reported that terror related arrests in increased in the United Kingdom. In 2007, 203 suspects were arrested. This was 30 percent up from the year 2006. However, the article revealing the arrest of the two brothers highlights that the arrests are primarily based on people from Islamic states, religion and origin. The shooting of one of the brothers is also considered an infringement of their human rights. Since the 7/7 attacks, Muslims have been targeted by the police on suspicions of terror attacks. The arrests are carried out on Muslims without conceivable evidence. United Kingdom media has been extremely biased on reporting such arrests and approaches towards Muslims. The story on the two brothers is evident of the level of media bias. Various stories on the arrest made it look like the police had caught the real criminals. The headlines were broadcasted on both print and digital media. Therefore, many people were reached by the information conformed by the media. The entire audience followed what the media had relayed to them. Ultimately, the media shaped the perception that the two brothers were responsible for the terror attack. The media in England use various approaches towards relaying information to the public. One of the ways in which Muslims are demonized is through the omission of some critical information that is useful to the pubic (Bryfonski 45). When some information is omitted, people lack a proper understanding of the issue at hand. People draw their own conclusions on the story. This has been a common occurrence on issues related to Muslims and the image of their religion. For instance, the two brothers who were arrested were indeed innocent. However, after the police established this, they stated their remorse for the approach they had taken. This aspect of the story was not a major headline for most media houses. Consequently, the public were not made aware of the new findings. This selective approach by the media has also increased the level of Islamophobia in the United Kingdom and the rest of the Western world. The media has been a catalyst of the souring relations between the public and those of the Islamic religion. Muslims have therefore become victims of some overzealous sections in media entities. The terrorist definition of Islam has also been imposed blindly on Islamic communities that live in the United Kingdom. Ultimately, British Muslims have become disenfranchised and silenced. Sections of the media have been on the forefront to encourage that the Muslims should be overtaken by fringe elements. They whip up passions through the iconography of angry and extremist Muslims. However, this section of Muslims discredits the rest of England’s Muslim population. The Muslim community categorically rejects terror and violence. This rejection is particularly focused on issues of national interest and politics. Muslim groups in the United Kingdom have unreservedly condemned the 7th July terror attack in the UK. Those in the UK have also voiced their discontent for the act of terror. However, the media has failed in its responsibility to convey this message. It has failed to offer sufficient prominence towards the overwhelming condemnation of Muslims. There is lack of balance on these issues of terror and reflection of the Muslim community (Lewis, 56). The tragedy created by the media has also affected the way Muslims view themselves. Constantly, the reports from the media show only one side of the Muslim community. People of this religion feel marginalized in society. The media has redefined how Muslims view themselves as citizens in Britain. Many Muslims have been forced to propitiate prejudice from other people. However, the media and public perception make this task quite difficult. The imagery and headlines that are emitted almost on a daily basis from the media is the major hindrance towards creating a positive perception of the Muslims in England. The word Muslim makes the most headlines with respect to acts of terror in UK media. The initial approach was undertaken after the 9/11 and July 7 attacks. The media has been using the word to relate with negative issues and terror. However, it is interesting to note that people from other religions rarely have their religious inclinations in the headlines when they are engaged in criminal activities. The story of the two fathers who killed their daughters in the Mail Online and The Telegraph are a revelation of how the media associates evil acts with Islam. In addition, they are portrayed as guilty criminals even before undergoing trial in court. In 2006, the Sun Newspaper published an exclusive story about some criminal Muslim group in the UK. The report described in graphic detail the formation of a â€Å"Muslim hate mob† (Duell 4). The mob was stated to be involved in the vandalism of a house in Windsor. It was also perceived as a vendetta to stop British soldiers arriving from the Afghan war from renting the house. The newspaper formed the opinion that the Muslims were on a hate mission against British soldiers in the Afghan war. However, it was later established that Muslims were not involved in the crime. Evidence in the crime established that there was no Muslim involvement. These stories have been used by the media creating a sense of suspicion among the citizens. Many people relay on the media as their main source of information. Public perception is shaped by the information they receive from the media. With such stories, hostilities are bound to be created between the public and the Muslim community. The Sun created a sensational assertion that Muslims were responsible for the vandalism. With the wide readership it enjoys, there is little doubt that people become suspicious of the Muslims community. The story portrayed Muslims as the main source of trouble. Islamophobia denotes irrational fear, prejudice or hatred of Muslims (Bryfonski, 32). The concept has been growing in recent years especially in the Western world. In the UK it has increased since the 7/7 (July 7) attacks. Islamophobia has been blamed largely on the media in the United Kingdom. According to research majority of the people in the UK blame the media for Islamophobia. Islamophobia has become so dominant that it is slowly receiving acceptance in the society. However, this does not look into the fact that it is an infringement of human rights. Muslims are adversely affected as they have been discriminated in the social, political and economic aspects. However, the media in the UK is slowly hanging its approach towards the Muslim community. The realization that it is responsible for the increased Islamophobia has made the media reconsider its approach towards Islamic issues. Reports from media houses are also becoming positive and highlighting the plight of the Muslim community. Media houses are also establishing policies that will set an equal ground for all citizens in the UK. Action is also taken against media houses that portray negative images. For instance, the Sun was forced to retract its story on the â€Å"Muslim mob† by the Press Complaints Commission. In conclusion, the media is resourceful towards shaping and influencing public opinion. The stories that are relayed to the public are important. However, they should not be biased or target a particular section of society. The media in the UK is partly to blame for the negative perception of the Muslims. However, this can be remedied if the government and relevant authorities establish policies that will regulate the media. In addition, these laws must be applied and implemented with respect to the laws of the country. It is also the role of the public to question some aspects of media reports in order to make them accountable.

What is a Prologue (and How to Write One) 7 Insider Tips from Editors

What is a Prologue (and How to Write One) 7 Insider Tips from Editors What Is a Prologue - and How to Write One Readers Won't Skip Some call it the "introduction" to a story, or a first of â€Å"two beginnings.† While there's some debate on how they function as a literary device (more on that later), it is agreed upon that a good prologue contains information that is vital to the rest of the story - though often not in a way that’s immediately apparent.A prologue is mainly necessary if it contains information that would hinder the narrative if present in the body of the novel. Think of it a bit like an appetizer: if done right, it can perfectly prepare you for the main course. If done carelessly, it can ruin your appetite for the novel.Before we talk about the best way to write a prologue, let's make sure we're all on the same page about what a prologue is - and isn’t.What is a prologue - and how is it different from a foreword, preface, and introduction?It’s easy to confuse prologues with prefaces - they’re both P-words that refer to the bit before the beginning of a book: the front matter. But they’re not the same, and neither are forewords or introductions.A prologue prepares the reader for the story they’re about to read with information that is necessary to have before the start of the novel itself. Mostly used in fiction.A foreword is written by someone who is not the author of the book - usually a public figure or authority on the subject matter at hand. The foreword explains some significant connection between its writer and the book or the book’s author. Used in both fiction and nonfictionA preface gives the reader a look at how the book came to be. It explains the goal of the book, its development, and acknowledges the parties who contributed to the book. Mostly used in nonfiction, sometimes in fiction. You can go this way to learn more about prefaces.An introduction deals specifically with the subject of the book. It might offer supplemental information or explain the perspective of the writer(s). While a preface doesn 't typically contain information critical to the reader’s understanding of the book, an introduction usually does. Mostly used in nonfiction.The prologue is the opposite of an epilogue, which comes at the end of a novel. Now we’re all clear on this particular literary device, let’s take a closer look at its purpose and determine whether it’s the right start for your story. Tips from professional editors on how to write a prologue that will stick with readers. How to write a prologue: tips from our editorsNo one hates being told â€Å"these are the rules† more than writers. We get it, writing is a personal thing and reading is a subjective pleasure. But since the popularization of the novel in the 18th century, certain ways of writing a prologue have emerged as being more reliable than others.Below are tips from our editors on its ideal uses, and suggestions for when an author is better off diving straight into Chapter One.Do write a prologue that...Provides a crucial glimpse into the past or future When you read the first chapter of a book, you expect to settle into a story you’ll spend the next couple hundred pages with. So a first chapter that starts at one point in time only to shoot forward or backward a significant number of years can feel a bit out of the blue. If some part of the backstory is an integral piece of knowledge to have at the outset of your novel, the prologue can be a good way of delivering this without throwing the reader off. Likewise some authors to start with the aftermath of the story, then double back in the first chapter to answer the question, "How did we get to this point?Recommended read: for an intro that begins in the present and then flashes back in time in the first chapter, read  The Bridges of Madison County. The mini-series adaptation of Pillars of the Earth, image: Tandem Communications)What makes this crucial information work as a prologue instead of just a first chapter is that it introduces the questions that the rest of the novel will spend answering: has this man been set up? Why? Will the woman’s curse serve to bring the guilty parties to justice? Set in 1123, twelve years prior to Chapter One, the prologue frames the themes that the story will explore.Pale Fire by Vladimir NabokovWritten by Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire is a novel in the form of a 999-line poem (yes you read that right. The poem itself has been written by fictional poet John Shade, and the novel opens with a â€Å"foreword† written by a neighbor and academic colleague of Shade, Charles Kinbote.Let me state that without my notes Shade's text simply has no human reality at all since the human reality of such a poem as his... has to depend entirely on the reality of its author and his surroundings, attac hments and so forth, a reality that only my notes can provide. To this statement my dear poet would probably not have subscribed, but, for better or worse, it is the commentator who has the last word.CHARLES KINBOTE Oct. 19, 1959, Cedarn, UtanaOf primary significance here is the fact that it immediately sets up an overarching theme of the novel: things are not always what they seem. A former editor-in-chief of Scholastic’s Magazine, Tim Major notes that his favorite prologue â€Å"appears to be separate from the novel but is in fact very much a part of it.†Nabokov also uses the prologue to introduce us to the notion of the unreliable narrator and puts the reader in a critical frame of mind. For example, Kinbote spends the majority of the foreword (which is meant to be about the poem it preludes), talking about himself, and steadfastly claims that his interpretation of the poem is the correct one while making vague and strange remarks that suggest a lack of self-awareness.For more examples of effective prologues, check out the following novels:Fantasy: A Game of Thrones by George RR MartinThriller: Empire Falls by Richard RussoLiterary: The Piano Tuner by Daniel MasonRomance: Water for Elephants by Sara GruenScience Fiction: Jurassic Park by Michael CrichtonTo prologue or not to prologue?Now that we’ve discussed what goes into a well-written prologue, you might still be doubting whether your story needs one. The fact is, if you’re unsure, it probably doesn’t. But this decision must be based on your story, and not on any preconceived ideas of good practice. Even when it comes to agents, there is dissent on the subject of prologues. Tim Major remarks, â€Å"Agents, publishers and readers must be hooked by the first line, paragraph and page of a novel by an unfamiliar author. I suspect that few writers would claim that their prologue represents the most compelling aspects of their novel.† While Andrea Hurst notes: â€Å"As an agent, if the intro is short, strong, and adds to the story, I enjoy it.†If you’ve written a prologue that wouldn’t work just as well as a first chapter, has clear and necessary relation to th e rest of the story, doesn’t serve just to hook readers, create atmosphere, or info-dump, and doesn’t begin with, â€Å"A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away,† then you must be on the right track.

The Concept of Culture in the Translation Studies Coursework

The Concept of Culture in the Translation Studies - Coursework Example Each approach to translation attempts to trace in detail the actual process of translation and to describe how translators actually translate. One of the most important methods to emerge today in translation studies is the cultural approach. This paper will explore the merit of this method in translation studies. It was the Romans who first introduced the use of the concept of culture as an indispensable aspect in translation studies. According to Rainer Schulte and John Biguenet, during their period translation meant incorporating subject matters of foreign culture into the language of one’s own culture. For critics, this could mean looting those elements from Greek culture that would enhance the aesthetic dimensions of the Roman culture. However, as what Cicero proclaimed, he was translating ideas and their forms and was therefore setting the word-for-word rendering of the original-language text secondary or of no import at all. Culture, hence, was pivotal here even if its a spects were used to enhance another. Saint Jerome, the famous translator of the Greek Bible into Latin, favoured this method, arguing that translation meant expropriating ideas and insights from another culture to enrich one’s own language. Saint Jerome in fact improved on this, contributing to the definition of the history of the discipline. One of the authors who would credit Saint Jerome as their influence is Rufinus of Aquilea, one of the most important translators of Greek texts into Latin in late antiquity.

Collective Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collective Security - Essay Example To preserve peace after World War I the League of Nations was created in 1920 and the principle of collective security was adopted. . It entails that all members have to accept and obey the rules of international law which forbid any process of employing violent behavior within the group (Stromberg, 2008, p. 1). Three important agreements have been made in this context, those are, The RIO in 1947, NATO in 1949 and WARSAW in 1955, pledging each member to avoid belligerence against each other. (Ishay, 2004, p. 225) The concept of collective security seems to be of major importance in the study of international relations and worldwide politics but the application of the concept in practice has achieved little success. It now suffers a mottled status in the context of international relations. Its significant collapse as exposed by the League of Nations is the focal representation left to the world since 1930. The eternal squabbling and ineffective pretentiousness of the United Nations throughout the Cold War period additionally disgraced the idea of collective security. (Kaloudis, 1998, P.1) As stated by James E. Goodby, in terms of international relations and politics, what seem to work in the past were collective defense alliances like NATO assurance to protect each associate state from exterior hostility.

American International Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American International Group - Case Study Example The major business line of American International Group are functions, supports, services, and operations. The failure of these lines would result on the huge material loss of profit, revenue and franchise value for the organization as a whole. Therefore, American International Group prepared a resolution plan and for that purpose 22 companies as material entities were identified, from which one is AIG Markets, Inc; and the type of this entity is derivatives intermediaries. Fear of revenue, profit and franchise value loss motivated organization to be a part of derivatives market. American international group utilizes derivatives as a part of the company’s risk management framework. The major purpose of the company in entering in a derivative market is to mitigate the risk either by providing a profile of the investment or by hedging exposure. American international group is no longer engage in activities of derivatives that contributed materially to concerns throughout the fin ancial crisis or also not act as a market for the contracts of derivatives. The exposure of derivatives and derivative portfolio is examined on a regular basis in order to avoid any risk and fulfill the market standards of investment. Interest rate derivatives are used to deal with interest rate risk that is associated with insurance assets and liabilities. The company is involved in making investments in hybrid securities in order to generate more income. Therefore, company is involved in such derivative activities that are associated with investment operations for risk mitigation (AIG, 2014). After the financial crisis of 2008 the insurance industry like other industries faced backslash, this crisis and other infamous events proven as threat for the economy of the country. Many of American people rely on financial services for ability to get more mortgages, for investment opportunities and retirement savings. When ethical analysis taken into consideration, and the

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts

Properties of Enzyme Catalysts Introduction Enzymes:Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. Over-view of Enzymes catalysts All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process. Among the many biologic reaction that are energetic possible, Enzyme selectively channel reactant called substrate into useful pathways. Enzynes thus direct all metabolic events. Enzyme are Protein Catalyst that increase the velocity of the chemical rxn, and are not consumed during the rxn they catalyse. Some type of RNA act like a Enzyme, RNA with catalytic activity are called Ribozymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts, they influence the kinetics but not the thermodynamics of a reaction Increase the rate of a chemical reaction Do not alter the equilibrium Properties of enzymes Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. The active site contain amino acid side chain that create a three dimention surface complementary to the substrate . the active site bind the substrate , forming an enzyme substrate (ES) complex. The ES is converted to enzyme product(EP), which subsequently dissociated to enzyme and product. Catalytic efficiency: Most enzyme catalytic rxn are highly efficient , proceeding from 103 to 108 times faster than the uncatalysed rxn. Eacg enzyme molecule is capable of transforming 100 to 1000 substrate molecules into product each sec. The number of molecules of substrate converted to product is called the turnover no. Characterstic of Enzymes Certain substance is small amount have unique capacity of speedingup chemical rxn without being alter after the rxn, they acceleration the velocity of the rxn without necessary initially it. Substance that behave in this manner are called catalyst or catalytic agent. For eg hydrogen and oxygen do not combine to any appreciable extent under normal atmospheric condition. However unlike platinum , while is inorganic , enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. The three distinctive characterstic are 1)specificity. 2)high Catalyst rate 3)high capacity for regulation. A general model of reaction kinetics of biological systems Dyanamic mathematical model in biotechnology require beside the information require the stoiciometry ok the biological rxn system.. The identification of a priori unknown reaction kinetics is often a critical task due to the non-linearity and (over-) parameterization of the model equations introduced to account for all the possible modulation phenomena. The contribution of this paper is to propose a general formulation of reaction kinetics, as an extension of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which allows limitation/activation and inhibition effects to be described with a reduced number of parameters. The dianamic model of a perfectly stirred tank bioreactor is usually derived from a mass balance which lead to a differential eq systwm for the concentration vector ) = c0; r(c(t))=q(c(t))cx0(t) The matrix âÅ'ˆâ‚ ¬R^m*n contains the information on the stoichiometry of the reaction system and is usually timeinvariant. The biological reactions r â‚ ¬ R ^ m are catalysed by the viable biomass, whose concentration is denoted by cx0(t); and the specific reaction rate vector q â‚ ¬R^m is usually a non-linear function of the concentrations. Dâ‚ ¬ R is the renewal (or dilution) rate and u â‚ ¬ R^ n containsthe reactor input/output conditions. There are a large variety of mathematical descriptions of the reaction kinetics available in the literature. A systematic approach is, therefore, necessary to find the best model structure and the best values ofthe model parameters with respect to some imposed criterion. For instance, in terms of model identification, the optimal structure is characterised by minimal correlations between parameters and maximal identifiability properties. In terms of state estimation and control, however, simplicity and (non-)linearity play impo rtant roles.[5] ENZYME CATALYST Most of the rxn that occur in living organism are catalyst by molecule called enzyme. Most enzymes are proteins (certain RNA molecules also act as enzyme). An enzyme is in specific in its action. Many enzymes catalyst only the conversion of a particular reactant to a particular product ;other enzyme catalyst only a certain class of rxn(by ester hydrolysis) . Enzyme speed up rxn rate very substantionally and in their absent most biological rxn occur . The molecule an enzyme act on is called the substrate.the substrate bind to a specific active site on the enzymeso form as enzyme substrate complex. Some physiological poison act by binding to active site of an enzyme,there blocking the action of the enzyme.the structure of an inhibitor may resemble the structure of enzyme substrate .Cyanide act by blocking the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. The single called Escherichia coli, a bacterium that flourished in human colons, contain about 2500 different enzymes .[6] Enzyme Kinetics 1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition[7] K1 k2 E+S ↔ ES ↔ E+P k-1 k-2 E is the free enzyme , S is the substrate, ES is the enzyme substrate complex p is the product. Thp overall rxn is s gives p. The enzyme is assumed in step 1 and rearranged in step 2.Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per second 2.Enzyme rates depend on solution conditions and substrate concentration. Conditions that denature the protein abolish enzyme activity, such as high temperatures, extremes of pH or high salt concentrations, while raising substrate concentration tends to increase activity. To find the maximum speed of an enzymatic reaction, the substrate concentration is increased until a constant rate of product formation is seen. This is shown in the saturation curve on the right. Saturation happens because, as substrate concentration increases, more and more of the free enzyme is converted into the substrate-bound ES form. At the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme, all the enzyme active sites are bound to substrate, and the amount of ES complex is the same as the total amount of enzyme. However, Vmax is only one kinetic constant of enzymes. The amount of substrate needed to achieve a given rate of reaction is also important. This is given by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), which is the substrate concentration required for an enzyme to reach one-half its maximum velocity. Each enzyme has a characteristic Km for a given substrate, and this can show how tight the binding of the substrate is to the enzyme In most experimental studies on enzymes kinetics, the enzyme concentrationis much less than the substrate concentration; [E] [ES]-[E][P] 0=([E] -[E][S])(k[E][S]-[P])-(+)[ES] If [is the initial enzyme concentration than [E]=[E]+[ES].since the conc is [E]during the rxn is generally not known while [E] is known , we replace [E] by [E] The const rate is =- R=[E][S]-[ES] R=[E][S]-([S]+[ES] Since the concentration of the intermediate ES is very small, we have Usually,the rxn is followed only to a few percent completion and the initial rate determined. Setting the product concentration [P]equal to 0 and [S]equal to [S] We get as the initial rate r where the Michaelis Menten const is defined by . The reciprocal of above eq is 1/r= 1/ Equation 2 is the Michaelis Menten eq , and above eq is the Lineweaver Burk eq. One measure r for several [S] values with [E] held fixed. The constant Since [E] is known . strictly speaking r is not the rate at t=0 , since there is a short induction period before steady state condition are establish . Although many exp studies on enzyme kinetic give a rate law in agreement with the Michaelis Menten eq .the mech ‘a is grossly over simplified. For one thing , there is much evidence that , while the substrate is bound to the enzyme , it generally undergoes a chemical change before being released as product . hence a better model is E + S ES ↔ EP ↔ E+ P The above model gives a rate law that has the same form as the Michaelis Menten eq but the const are replaced const with diff significance . Enzyme rxn are quite fast but can be studied using â€Å"classical† methods by keeping [E] and [S]very slow. Lineweaver- Burk Equation The method describe for the determination of is someone complex and therefore simpler method have been devised. Two such method are given below: First method-a convient means of evaluating and is to plot kinetic data as the reciprocals of v and (S) where v velocity and (S) is the total conc of substrate. such a double reciprocal was proposed by Hans Lineweaver and Dean Burk in 1934. If one take the reciprocal of Michaelis Menten eq, the following eq is formed This is known as Lineweaver- Burk Equation. This eq is the form y=mx+b, if one condition the variable to b and 1/(s). When one plots a graph against these two variable , a straight line is obtained . the slop of this line corresponds to and the 1/v intercept corresponds to 1/. Since can be determine from the intercept , the can be calculated . Second method: another graphical method for the measurement of for experimentel data on V as a measure of (S) makes use of the above Lineweaver- Burk Equation . multiplication on sides of the by (S) gives: A plot of verses (S) gives a straight line on axis is and the slope is and can be obtained from intercepy of the slope. A lineweaver burk plots provide a quick test for adhereance to Michaelis Menten eq kinetic and allows easily evaluation of the critical const . it also allow the discrimination between diff kinds of enzyme inhibition and regulation. A disadventure of lineweaver-Burk plot is that a long extrapolation is often require to determine , which corresponds uncertainty in the result. Consequently , other way of plotting the data are sometimes used. Alternate plot are based on Hanes-eq: [s]/v So that v/[s] is plotted against v. The relative merit of the Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes and Edlie-Hoffstee eq for the determination of and are llustrated below in fig. Using the same set of e ixperimental values of v for a series of substrate concentration . it can be seen that the lineweaver-Burk eq gives the unequal distribution of points and greater emphasis to the points at low substrate concentration that are subject to a greater experimental error, whilst the Edlie-Hoffstee eq and a Hans eq gives a better distribution of points. In the case of the Hans plot , greater emphasis is placed on the experimental data at higher substrate 1)Lineweaver plot 2)Hanes plot 3) Eadie-hofstee plot Lineweaver burk, Hanes and Eadie hofstee plot the same set of experimental data of the effect of substrate conc. [S] on the initial rate v of the enzyme catalyst rxn. Reversible Inhibition Now consider the effect of reversibly-binding inhibitors on an enzyme. If an inhibitor binds reversibly at the same site as the substrate, the inhibition is referred to as competitive. If the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, the binding is described as noncompetitive. These two alternative behaviors may be distinguished by their effects on Lineweaver-Burk or Hanes-Woolf plots. If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme active site in place of the substrate, it is described as a competitive inhibitor. In pure competitive inhibition, the inhibitor is assumed to bind to the free enzyme but not to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for the EI complex. EI does not react to form E + P, and the enzyme is unable to bind both S and I at the same time. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing competitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for competitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for competitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for competitive inhibition is: Noncompetitive Inhibition If a reversible inhibitor can bind to the enzyme at a site that is distinct from the active site, it is described as a noncompetitive inhibitor. In pure noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds with equal affinity to the free enzyme and to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The binding is described as shown below: Here Ki is the dissociation constant for either the EI complex or the IES complex. Neither of these complexes can react to form E + P. There are several graphical methods for detecting and analyzing noncompetitive inhibition. The Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk, and Hanes-Woolf equations can all be modified to include a term that describes the inhibition by I. Choose one of the cases below to consider each of these in more detail: The Michaelis-Menten equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Lineweaver-Burk equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: The Hanes-Woolf equation for noncompetitive inhibition is: Limiting Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions At very low concentrations of substrate many enzyme-catalysed reactions display approximately second-order kinetics, with rate given by the following equation: v = kA [E]0 [A] . . . . . . . in which the symbol kA (or, in general, kR for a reactant R) is the apparent second-order rate constant or specificity constant and [E]0, which may also be written as [E]t or [E]stoich, is the total or stoichiometric concentration of catalytic centres. The rationale for the subscript 0 is that the total enzyme concentration is normally the concentration at the instant of mixing, i.e. at time zero. Conversely, at very high substrate concentrations the same reactions commonly display approximately first-order kinetics (zero-order with respect to substrate): v = k0 [E]0 . in which k0, which may also be written as kcat is the apparent first-order rate constant. Although these limiting types of behaviour are not universally observed, they are more common than Michaelis-Menten kinetics)and provide a basis for classifying inhibitory and other effects independently of the need for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The quantity k0[E]0 is given the symbol V and the name limiting rate. It is particularly useful when k0 cannot be calculated because the total catalytic-centre concentration is unknown, as in studies of enzymes of unknown purity, sub-unit structure and molecular mass. The symbol Vmax and the names maximum rate and maximum velocity are also in widespread use although under normal circumstances there is no finite substrate concentration at which v = V and hence no maximum in the mathematical sense. The form Vmax is convenient in speech as it avoids the need for a cumbersome distinction between capital V and lower case v. When a true maximum does occur the symbol vmax (not Vmax) and the name maximum rate may be used for the true maximum value of v but care should be taken to avoid confusion with the limiting rate. Enzyme Mechanism: Enzyme kinetic studies,together with the other typeof investigation have led to inside into the way in which enzyme exert their catalytic action.aspects of this are of special interest . This specificityof enzymes is explained in terms of the an elaborating of Fischers â€Å"lock and key†which is concerned with the way in which an enzyme and the substrate fixed together in forming a Enzyme substrate complex and in undergo subsequent rxn . the second aspect is the very high effectiveness of enzyme in comparison with other catalyst. the high effectiveness of catalyst almost always is associate with a low energy of activation for the rxn. in some cases the effect has been attributed to the fact that the enzyme is acting as a bifunctional catalyst, in tha two catalytic group are presentside by side at the active centre. Transition state : When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy content of the reacting molecule or atom increases. This is why most chemical reactions, whether they release heat or absorb heat, happen faster as the temperature is raised. The high-energy state of the reactants is called the transition state. For example, in a bond-breaking reaction, the transition state may be one where the reacting bond, although not completely broken, is vibrating at a frequency high enough that it is equally likely to split apart as to reform. Forming reactants or products results in the loss of energy from the transition state. This principle is shown in Figure 1 , where the increased energy of the transition state is represented as a hill or barrier on the energy diagram. Catalysts reduce the height of the barrier for achieving the transition state. General Catalytic Mechanism Catalysed reaction occur by a wide variety of mechanism.There is however one pattern that applies to a no of single substrate rxns catalysted by surfaces,enzymes, acids and bases. It is useful to consider this schmene of rxn first show as to appreciate the similarities that exist between certain rxn that are catalysted by different type od catalyst. The rxn schme: C + S ↔ X + Y X + W ↔ P + Z Here C represent the catalyst and s is the substrate; X and Y are intermediate , the first of which undergoes a second rxn with a species W to give final product or products P together with the addition substance Z. This scheme shows only the kinetically significance reactions; the substate Y and Z undergo other process that do not have any effect on yhe kinetic behaviour. To simplify the treatment it is assumed that the second rxn does not in the reverse direction ; this can b ensured if the product P is removed as far as it is formed. In surface catalysis X is an adsoption complex, Y and W are non exitance. The const in this case are first order rate const, while is the second order const. In catalysis by acid and base however Y and W play important role. Thus i c is an acid catalyst, rxn 1 involces the transfer of a proton to S,so that Y is the base conjugate to the acid C. In acid catalyst the intermediate X is the protonated substrete SH+ and a rxn 2 is proton is transferred to a species W. The species W therefore has basic properties and it may b molecule of a solvent and a solute. For eg It may be the species Y formed in 1 step . we will see that the kinetic behaviour depends in an important way on wheather the intermediate X transfers its proton to solvent molecule or to a solute molecule. Conversely in base catalyst Y is the acid conjugate to the base C.the intermediate X is the substrate Molecule minus a proton., and in rxn 2 it accepts a proton from W.again we have a solvent molecule or a solute molecule.in some situations a rate with which a intermediate X undergoes rxn 2 may be sufficiently slow that the first rxn may b regarded as being at equilibrium.the exact condition for this is [W][X][Y].since this case corresponds to Arrhenius concept of an intermediate in eq with the reactants, such intermediate have being called Arrhenius intermediates. The converse case is that the condition is [X][Y]the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment may be appliedto it. Intermediate of this kind have been called Vant Hoff intermediates. If neither of this of this extreme condition applies , the kinetic situation is more complicated , and the appropriate differential eq have to be solved. Only the equolibium and steady-state treatments are considered here. Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates In this case the equation : Applies. However , the concentration of C and S do not correspond necessary to yhe initial concentration [C] and [S]. Since appreciable amount of C and S have been used to form a intermediate X. These initial concentration may be expressed as [C]=[C] + [S] [S]= [S] + [X] As long as attention is confined to initial rates. Eq a become This is quadratic in [X] and can be solve for [X]. Yhen the expression for rate equal to k[X][W] , can be written down. However it os, more useful to consider two special cases. Case 1: if the initial conc of the substrate is much greayer than that of yhe catalyst, that is, if [S][C], it follows that [S] [X] is very close to [S], since [X] cannot exceed [C]. Eq b there fore reduces to : And thus The rate of rxn therefore V=[X][W]= This rate eq correspond toa variation of rate of all type represent .At lower substrate conc , when K[S][Y], the rate become independent of [S], as long as the condition [S]>>[C] holds, however the rate varies linear with [C]. This type of behaviour is characteristic or single-substrate rxn on surfaces and of enzyme rxn. For both of these the species Y and W are nonexistence and eq c become: The eq is also eq to the Michaelis Menten eq for enzyme rxn. This eq usually written Where is the Michaelis const , is equal to 1/k in the present treatment. In rrn catalysed by acid and base it will be seen that the rate remain linear with the substrate concentration ; this is because of the special type of equilibrium that are rapidly established in the sol. Case 2: on the other hand , if the catalyst is greatly in excess of the substrate, that is [C]>>[S] eq a reduces to And the rate of rxn is The rate now varies linearily with the concentration of substrate , but the variation with the catalyst concentration . (b)The rate of reaction as a function of substrate conc for the case in which [S]>>[C] (a) rate of rxn as a function of catalyst concentration for the case[C]>>[S] Steady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate If the condition [W]>> applies, the concentration of X is small and the steady state treatment is available. The steady-state is substitution of [C] -[X] for [C] and of [S]-[X] for [S} gives since [X] is very small the term in can be neglected ; with its approximation above eq gives the rate is therefore this eq again indicates that at low conc of either catalyst or substrate the rate is proportional to either [C] or [S] ; at a higher concentration of either the rate become independent of that concentration . in catalyst by surface and enzymes , W and Y are nonexistence and the rate eq become An eq of essentially this form was first derived by Briggs and Haldane for enzyme reaction Catalyst By Enzyme Catalysis by enzyme , the biological catalyst , is much more specific than that by acids and bases. soe enzyme shows absolute specificity ; an eg is urease, which only the catalyzed of Urea. A lower degree of specificity is shown by such enzyme as the proteolytic enzymes, which catalyst the hydrolysis of the peptide linkage provided that certain structural condition are specified in the neighbourhood of the linkage.; this is known as group specificity. many enzyme exhibit stereochemical specificity, in that the catalyze the rxn of one stereochemical form and not the other.the proteolytic enzyme.The enzymes are protein but may be associated with non protein substance that essential to the action of enzyme.the action of enzyme shows some resemblance to the catalytic action of acids and bases but is more complicated. the present treatment of enzyme kinetics is confined to the influence concentration, ph, and temperature and to some brief comments about enzymes mechanisms. Measurement of the kinetics of biological systems at elevated temperatures utilizing flow techniques Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.[14] Result Since enzymatic reactions are so important to biological chemical reactions, it is of great interest to be able to model them. By use of the study of chemical kinetics, it is possible derive rate equations for the steps involved in an enzymatic reaction. These rate equations are differential equations and can be used to model theconcentrations of each compound in the system. However, this system of differential equations is hard to determine experimentally because of the difficulty of determining the rate equations into theMichaelis-Menten enzyme equation. Many benefits stem from this transition. One benefit is the fact that it is now easy to determine the constants related to the enzyme equations. However, how do we know the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption is valid? It seems reasonable from a physical argument. Byuse of dimensional analysis, we can give a more rigorous mathematical argument for the Quasi-Steady-State Assumption. The Michaelis-Menten enzyme equation is very important i n the study of cellular systems by allowing a model that can be easily derived through experimentation. Summary Enzymes are single or multiple -chain proteins that act as a biological catalysts with the ability to promote specific chemical rxn under the mild condition that prevail in most living organism. All reaction in the body are mediated by enzymes, which are protein catalysis that increase the rate of reaction without being changed in overall process .than properties of catalyst in which Enzyme molecules contain a special pocket called a active site. Than the characterstic of enzymes where enzyme are organic compound produce by living organism. Thus we may define enzyme as organic catalyst produced by a organic cell. Then we studied the Enzyme Kinetics where studied the five equation:1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics 2.Lineweaver-Burk Kinetics 3. Hanes-Woolf Kinetics 4. Eadie-hofstee 5. Reversible Inhibition.Than we studied the enzyme mechanism where studied two equations theSteady-state Treatment:Van,t hoff intermediate and the Equilibrium Treatment : Arrhenius intermediates.