Reinforcement and Feedback Correct Marks - 2619 Words

Traditional learning viewpoints considered classical and operant conditioning to be automatic processes involving only environmental events that did not depend at all on biological or cognitive factors. Research on which of the following concepts cast doubt on this point of view? Select one: a. latent learning, signal relations, and instinctive drift b. extinction, discrimination, and generalization c. CRF, ratio, and interval schedules d. escape, avoidance, and spontaneous recovery Feedback Correct Marks for this submission: 1.00/1.00. Question 2 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially†¦show more content†¦Accounting for previous tries, this gives 0.90/1.00. Question10 Correct Mark 0.90 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text In classical conditioning, a US is Select one: a. an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. b. a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning. c. a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning. d. a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response. Feedback Correct Marks for this submission: 1.00/1.00. Accounting for previous tries, this gives 0.90/1.00. Question11 Correct Mark 0.70 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Primary reinforcers ____, while secondary reinforcers ____. Select one: a. depend on learning; satisfy biological needs b. satisfy biological needs; depend on learning c. are associated with classical conditioning; are associated with operant conditioning d. are associated with operant conditioning; are associated with classical conditioning Feedback Correct Marks for this submission: 1.00/1.00. Accounting for previous tries, this gives 0.70/1.00. Question12 Correct Mark 0.70 out of 1.00 Flag question Question text Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of Select one: a. avoidance learning. b. escape learning. c. positive reinforcement. d. classicalShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Positive Reinforcement1726 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Positive Reinforcement Sheronda Dueberry Kaplan University PS340 - Unit 4 Assignment April 16, 2016 â€Æ' Appropriate and positive behavior is very important in the classroom. One way to help with behavioral issues is using positive reinforcement and rewards in many circumstances. Praises can be in the form of verbal affirmation and rewards can be in the form of giving stickers to the student for getting good grades, being a classroom helper and/or displaying positive behaviorRead MoreSocial Reinforcement Field Observation Report1756 Words   |  8 Pages  Social-Reinforcement Field Observation The situation that I observed was a group CrossFit Class at CrossFit Cicero in Upstate New York. The age-group is between 18 -60 year olds, this class had around 70% females and 30% males, this particular class had 12 people in it. This class is one hour long and the ability and skill level are higher for this activity because it has many complicated movements and skill sets needed to be successful. The coach, Mitch Beaver, is 30 years old, has owned a CrossFitRead MoreExamination Of Behavioral Learning Theory919 Words   |  4 Pagesgraphic. After their selection, the user received a new piece of previously hidden information. This is an example of positive reinforcement. Something was added each time the user made a selection, there by causing the user to continue to interact with the infographic. In contrast, during the Interactive Body exercise, the user received a combination of positive reinforcement along with a type of positive punishment. A message appeared ( something added) if the wrong answer was selected. This wouldRead MoreMarks Position At Seventh Heaven2056 Words   |  9 Pagesprovides a report on the behavior of Mark, the manager and John, a enthusiastic hotel graduate in Seventh Heaven Resort. Behavioral description of John and Mark Mark, a new recruit at Seventh Heaven, which is a luxury six star resort on the Gold Coast; joined the graduate development program which is aimed to groom university graduates to become future resort managers. John is the Front Office Manager and also the immediate superior of Mark at Seventh Heaven, whom Mark has to report about daily activitiesRead MoreThe Peak Of Advanced Knowledge ) Assessment And Direct Training Module1066 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual. Through collecting and recording each assessment level on the Performance Matrix Triangle, the results are visually organized and easily interpreted. The PEAK Assessment tool and Relational Training System was published by Dr. Mark R. Dixon in February of 2014 after six years of empirical research. Dr. Dixon developed PEAK out of the realization that many Board Certified Behavioral Analysts (BCBA) and others working with autistic children were making clinical decisions withoutRead MoreBehavioral Psychology Applied2026 Words   |  8 Pagesselection. A behavior chain may be a specific arrangement of distinct reactions, everyone connected with a particular jolt condition. Primary reinforcement satisfies the need of the conduct. An information amendment that capacities as reinforcement in spite of the very fact that the learner has had no specific taking in history with. The Secondary reinforcement is known with the need of the conduct. A conditioned fortify often known as a secondary reinforcer or educated input may be a beforehand neutralRead MoreIs Language Acquisition Innate Or Taught?1842 Words   |  8 PagesMany theories are also being devised around the connectedness of the two principles. The Meriam-Webster dictionary defines language as a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalised signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings; this includes not only spoken languages but sign languages and other forms of communication. All of which, play an equally important role in the explanation of how language is created, understood and developed in the brainRead MoreThe Peak Assessment Tool And Relat ional Training System Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe PEAK Assessment Tool The PEAK (Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge) Assessment and Direct Training Module was developed by Dr. Mark Dixon for use with autistic children or those with related developmental disabilities. It is based an ABA based therapy, (Applied Behavior Analysis), and assesses skills in manding, tacting, labeling, social and emotional descriptions, the usage of metaphors, and developing effective social exchanges (Daar, et al., 2015). PEAK is composed ofRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1596 Words   |  7 Pagesboth verbal and non-verbal; these are elements that are vital to the success of clients and the organization. This organization uses positive verbal and non-verbal interpersonal communication, both to staff and clients which encourages, supports and corrects. Thus, the modes of communication at the Ripple Effect are rich in compassion and empathy. Communication encompasses transmitting, receiving as well as processing information. Thus, the re is a requirement at the Ripple Effect to evaluate and demonstrateRead MoreDtlls Managing Resources2881 Words   |  12 Pagesindividual work carried out in some areas/activities. I received feedback that I was not asking specific questions at the end to check that the original objectives have been met. I made this change and was then observed on this session. I received a further development point as I did not utilise the feedback session by explaining why the learners’ logo had not been selected. This will help the learners to understand and use the feedback for any future documents produced. I have now adapted this for

Business Plan for a Multimedia Studio - 2978 Words

BUSINESS PLAN FOR KING STUDIOS 28, Pound Road Magodo 01-XXX6634 1.0 Executive Summary 1 2.0 Company Summary 2 3.0 Services 4 4.0 Market Analysis Summary 4 5.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary 8 6.0 Management Summary 12 7.0 Financial Plan 13 1.0 Executive Summary King Studios, located in Magodo, Lagos will serve small and medium-sized businesses and non-profits for all of their studio photography needs by creating beautiful shots that serve the clients needs, offering excellent service and flexibility with a personal touch, and offering value-added services related to photography. Founded and directed by veteran freelance commercial photographer Matte Flash, King Studios intends to raise 5,300,000 by adding†¦show more content†¦Long-term assets include additional photography equipment (cameras, tripods, backdrops, flashes, lighting) that must be purchased. Table: Start-up Start-up | | | | Requirements | | | | Start-up Expenses | | Legal | 250,000 | Stationery etc. | 100,000 | Insurance | 100,000 | Rent | 800,000 | Marketing | 1,000,000 | Studio Build-Out | 200,000 | Total Start-up Expenses | 2,450,000 | | | Start-up Assets | | Cash Required | 1,500,000 | Other Current Assets | 100,000 | Long-term Assets | 3,000,000 | Total Assets | 4,600,000 | | | Total Requirements | 7,050,000 | 3.0 Services Services to be offered include the following: * Studio commercial photography * On-site commercial photography * Set dressing services for photo shoots * Photo editing and digital editing work * Delivery of prints or digital files of photo shoots * Framing of photos * Web portal to access digital files from shoots and manage editing process with clients * Rental of the studio space to subcontractors when time allows In the future, as additional staff are are added, there are plans to offer graphic design services for the photos taken, and to expand to a multi-room studio to allow for multiple shoots simultaneously. 4.0 Market Analysis Summary The market for commercial photography includes all businesses and non-profits. For King Studios, the target market is small and medium-sized businesses and non-profits (those withShow MoreRelatedDells Marketing Mix(4ps)1253 Words   |  6 Pages1984. ïÆ'Ëœ Dell is one of the leading Consumer durables brand. ïÆ'Ëœ Dell has been so successful at supply-line management over the past 20 years that it has been credited with driving Compaq into the arms of HP, and IBM out of the desktop computer business altogether. ïÆ'Ëœ Its innovative and efficient build-to-order system, and the fact that it has little retail presence, has helped Dell keep its inventory costs under control in this fast-paced industry. That s tough to compete with. ïÆ'Ëœ The industryRead MoreWalt Disney Company : The World s Largest Motion Picture Multimedia Entertainment Companies Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company is one of the world s largest motion-picture multimedia entertainment companies in the world. 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The Group operates eight FM terrestrialRead MoreWalt Disney Company Is Worth Investing1348 Words   |  6 PagesAs one of the largest multimedia companies in the world, The Walt Disney Company includes all aspects of American entertainment, including animation, music, production, and theme parks. Founded in 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy O. Disney, the business has grown from silent animations films to diversify into all aspects of the entertainment industry, primarily focusing on all interests of the typical American family. The company, since its founding, has proved to be a worthy investment on all standingsRead MoreYour Online Presence Requires Time And Efforts Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pages and LinkedIn presence. For the promotion of products establish yourself on Pinterest, as it is growing into an important new social media channel with over 40 million users. Role of Multimedia in Marketing Strategy of IFG In order to build the brand of the IFG in a unique and powerful way the role of multimedia is very helpful. It includes video and file sharing, photos of specific brands, podcasting, live casting and mobile marketing—these can spread the word about company’s brand to the externalRead MoreCareer And College Research Paper1432 Words   |  6 PagesCareer and College Research Paper Our world gets more digital every day. Nearly everyone has a smartphone and a computer. Even more people have a TV and if people do they are in contact with the digital world everyday. Multimedia Artists and Animators (MMA) have a big impact on this because they create the illusion of a realistic image in every digital and sometimes non-digital media project they publish. MMAs design 2 and 3 dimensional models, animation and visual effects. 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The company is also expected to profit from its Parks and Resorts, The new Shanghai DisneyRead MoreA Speech On Discourse Community1174 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor at the University of Cincinnati, a registered Architect in the state of Ohio and a member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). He earned a Bachelor of Science in Architecture from Ball State University in 1988 and a Masters of Business administration from University of Cincinnati in 1996. After he graduated he has worked as an Architect11 and as a Project Architect2 for two different firms until 1994. He then formed a sole proprietorship firm and later a partnership with his wife

Comparison Between Marx And Rousseau - 1138 Words

Due to state laws and policies, Marx and Rousseau both agree men are not living in a free society. In western democracies today, both philosophers’ ideas are clear and visible. Rousseau and Marx both argue in their works that men seek to control property, as a way to control others. Rousseau argues in his work, discourse on the origin of inequality, that man is not equal due to the greed and selfishness of individuals who control the government. Charles Bertram argues that, â€Å" Rousseau believes that a system of individual rights of private property and self-ownership that is accompanied by massive disparities of wealth and income inevitably leads to distortion and deformation of the will as the people seek to curry favour or seek advantage†, Bertram (2004) . Bertram points out Rousseau’s idea that the idea of owning property purely to survive off of does not work, as others seek to reap the wealth and rewards from the land, through tariffs or quotas etc. Today this is obvious in western society. Karl Marx believes that all property should be owned by the state, as he lists in the Communist Manifesto. According to Lowith (2003), he also be lieved working men become property themselves through the work they put in. This is common in England during the industrial revolution, as workers were easily replaced. Lowith (2003) also finds that Marx compared man in bourgeois society with the commodity as a product of simple labor. I support this statement strongly. In Mexico, due toShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Theory Of Theory And Social Discourse1253 Words   |  6 Pagesprotected property. A half century later, Jean Jacques Rousseau published Discourse on Inequality, a piece that explored the proprietary origin and distribution of equality while subtly critiquing John Locke’s theories. By the time Karl Marx began to explore bourgeois society and its shortcomings, Rousseau was an established Locke critique who Marx’s On the Jewish Question and Communist Manifesto could contend with. The largest point of contention between the three would be the concept of property and theRead MoreRousseau s The Social Contract15 88 Words   |  7 PagesThe following texts, Rousseau s The Social Contract, Marx’s Private Property and Communism, Estranged Labor and Money, all differentiate between a general will, and a more personal, individual will. However, Rousseau’s and Marx’s theories of a general will, or collective being have discrepancies in both the origin and implications of general will and individual will. Rousseau defines general will as a collective desire to advance society towards a common goal. However, Rousseau warns that ignoringRead MoreThe Bourgeoisie Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Karl Marx describes â€Å"Society as a whole [as being] more and more [split] up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other-bourgeoisie and proletariat† (Marx 124).   As Marx made his distinction between upper class, bourgeoisie, and lower class, proletariats, it is important to keep in mind the societal structure at the time.   To understand how classes were created and the disparity between the rich and poor, or, bourgeoisie and proletariat, it is necessaryRead MoreThe Struggle to Gain Equality: A Study of Native American Woman in Literature1678 Words   |  7 PagesFeminine which creates inequality between men and women. In The Four Idols, Francis Bacon uses the four idols of the tribe, the cave, the marketplace, and the theater to show how humans understanding and intelligence hinders their knowledge of nature. In The Origin of Civil Society, Jean-Jacques Rousseau concludes that the Social Contract benefits those who are not strong to fight for their equality in law and civil rights. In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx disapproves of an industrial societyRead MoreHobbes Vs. Marx On Government s First Duty1038 Words   |  5 Pages Topic #1 – Hobbes vs. Locke vs. Marx â€Å"Government’s first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives,† said Ronald Reagan. Some political philosophies like John Locke would agree to this statement, while other, like Thomas Hobbes would not, and some will both agree and disagree, like Karl Marx. You will come to learn why the â€Å"social contract† of John Locke is the best through the review of all three philosophers main ideas on government, the comparison of all three philosophers, and finallyRead MoreThe Inequality Of Class Stratification950 Words   |  4 Pages1. Are we really equal? â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains† (Rousseau, 1994, p.45.). This report will develop from the foundation of Rousseau, exploring the notion that all humans are understood as equal, yet disparities across society are widespread. I will assert that class stratification is manifested within the micro-level sociology of education. It will demonstrate that class inequalities are maintained and reproduced through the means of social, economic and cultural capitalRead MoreThe Marxist Concept Of Communism1735 Words   |  7 Pagesproperly understand the Marxist concept of communism, one must start where Marx himself does, with an understanding of the evolution and revolutions that created the current class system. Unlike Rousseau and Hobbes, Marx does not begin with a hypothetical human state of nature, but instead recounts the human history of hierarchy, saying, â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles† (Marx, 1 4). He then traces these struggles, from ancient Rome to the problems ofRead MoreThe Critique Of Karl Marx Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Marx: Anthropologist,† Thomas C. Patterson provides archival research and contemporary analysis to defend the assertion that Karl Marx was one of the first urban anthropologists and a progenitor of emic ethnography in western culture. Patterson also aims to correct prior misinterpretations of Marx’s work in a polemic manner, addressing deficiencies in early analyses through careful argumentation and relevant evidence to contrary inferences. Patterson’s stated purpose is to answer the questionRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Political Philosophy Essay3649 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction: The term â€Å"Political Philosophy† is a normative study of state, government, relationships between individual and communities, laws, rights and justice. It depends on the philosophers that can be entangled with ethics, economics and also metaphysics. Political thinkers are the pioneers of â€Å"Modern Politics† in the world. The first serious political thinkers emerged in Greece. Plato and Aristotle are two great philosophers of ancient Greece. Plato in his book â€Å"The Republic† delivers theRead MoreEconomic Equality Between The Social Classes Of The Great United States Of America1658 Words   |  7 PagesThere should be greater economic equality between the social classes of the great United States of America. While there is no agreement of a full blown communist or socialist revolution, a la Karl Marx, there is agreement that there should be slight changes towards this idea of equality. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a social contr act (theory) â€Å"is the view that persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society

Themes Of Unity In The Grapes Essay - 1489 Words

John Steinbecks novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a moving account of the social plight of Dustbowl farmers and is widely considered an American classic. The novel takes place during the depression of the 1930s in Oklahoma and all points west to California. Steinbeck uses the Joad family as a specific example of the general plight of the poor farmers. The Joads are forced off of their farm in Oklahoma by the banks and drought, and they, like many other families of the time, head out for the promised land of California. They endure much hardship along the way, and they finally make it to California only to find that work is scarce and human labor and life are cheap. Tom Joad, the eldest son in the family, starts the book freshly out of jail†¦show more content†¦Tom retaliates in rage, killing a deputy, and forcing him into hiding. Alone all day long for weeks, he begins to think about the plight of the migrant workers and about what Jim was constantly babbling about. One thing t hat Jim Casy said close to his death, which Tom broads upon, has to do with a revelation that came to the preacher while he was in jail. He tells a group of followers amp;#8230;one day they give us some beans that was sour. One fella started yellin, an nothin happenedamp;#8230; then we all got to yellinamp;#8230; By God! Then something happened! They come a-runnin, and they give us other stuff to eat; (522). This was a telling example to Tom about the power of the group over one man. Tom reveals his thought evolution in the final meeting with his mother, before he leaves to continue the work of Jim Casy. He says, But I know now a fella aint no good alone,; and Two are better than one, becauseamp;#8230; if they fall, the one will lif his fellow, but woe to him that is alone when he falleth, for he hath not another to help him up; (570). Peter Lisca, an extensive critic of Steinbecks work, explains amp;#8230;in is last meeting with his mother, in which he asserts his spiritual unity w ith all men, it is evident that he has moved from material and personal resentment to ethical indignation, from particulars to principles; (Lisca 98). Tom clearly changesShow MoreRelatedThemes of Unity in the Grapes1599 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck#8217;s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a moving account of the social plight of Dustbowl farmers and is widely considered an American classic. The novel takes place during the depression of the 1930s in Oklahoma and all points west to California. Steinbeck uses the Joad family as a specific example of the general plight of the poor farmers. The Joads are forced off of their farm in Oklahoma by the banks and drought, and they, like many other families of the time, head out for theRead More Grapes of Wrath Essay: Theme of Strength Through Unity987 Words   |  4 Pages Theme of Strength Through Unity in The Grapes of Wrathnbsp;nbsp; The traditional human family represents a necessary transition between self and community. In the difficult era of the 1930s, the familys role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world rather than to provide a link with it. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessityRead MoreScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath1720 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Gatsby and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath In the novels The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the authors present similar ideas, but use different methods to portray them. Similarities in themes can be made between the two texts; these include the pursuit of the American Dream and the use and misuse of wealth. Other themes are also central to each novel, the strength in unity and the influence of female charactersRead More Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Communist Manifesto1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbecks political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbecks views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism.    Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forcesRead MoreBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath Essay example1457 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Allusions to The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, on February 27, 1902. He studied marine biology at Stanford University and then traveled east on a freighter through the Panama Canal. Steinbeck went to New York to work as a newspaper reporter but soon returned to California and held a variety of jobs while he wrote. Steinbeck published Tortilla Flat in 1935, Of Mice and Men in 1937, and The Red Pony in 1937, which established his reputation as a forcefulRead MoreRole Of Robert Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 1286 Words   |  6 PagesRobby LaRoy APLang 2 º Ms. Lehman 9/13/14 The Role of Unity in Survival During the great depression in the plains of Oklahoma, workers were forced out of their homes as their crops withered away to nothing and dust took over. The general feeling of these migrant workers during the late 20’s and early 30’s can be summarized by the struggle for survival showcased in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. In the novel, a family called the Joads makes their way westward in hopes of a better life forRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1967 Words   |  8 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is the story which takes place in a time where opportunity is nil and desperation has overtaken American en masse. The story is told several viewpoints with majority of them being witnessed from Tom Joad and his family while others are from minor characters who share a similar circumstance or actively benefiting from the misfortunes of others. Larger businesses are overtaking others and placing profits above people. The care and welfare for other human becomesRead MoreSymbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath 2259 Words   |  10 Pages Symbols In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family experiences many hardships on the journey to and in California, ranging from dying family members to a lack of sufficient food. In the third chapter of the novel, author John Steinbeck introduces a determined turtle who attempts to make its journey across a highway. The turtle is apparently nearly run over multiple times, and is actually hit by a car. This causes the turtle to be flipped on its shell, until it catches its footing and â€Å"littleRead More The Grapes of Wrath as Communist Propaganda Essay example1199 Words   |  5 Pages The Grapes of Wrath as Communist Propaganda nbsp; The Grapes of Wrath may be read as a direct indictment of the U.S. capitalist system of the early and mid twentieth century. Although the book on the surface level can fairly easily be read as anti-capitalist book, it goes further than that. The book both implicitly and explicitly advocates structural changes in the economic institutions of our country. Thus, it may be argued that the Grapes of Wrath is communist propaganda. Propaganda, accordingRead More Grapes Of Wrath Biblical Allusions Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages John Steinbeck carefully molded his story The Grapes of Wrath to encompass many themes and ideas. He included several Biblical allusions to enforce his message of the migrating families coming together to form a community. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon, events like the family’s journey to California and the flood at the end of the novel, and teachings throughout the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Biblical allusions represented by the characters in the novel

Night World Huntress Chapter 7 Free Essays

She emerged on the rooftop. There was a sort of roof garden here-anyway, a lot of scraggly plants in large wooden tubs. There was also some dirty patio furniture and other odds and ends. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Huntress Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the main feature was a small structure that sat on the roof the way a house sits on a street. Morgead’s home. The penthouse. It was as stark and unlovely as the rest of the building, but it had a great view and it was completely private. There were no other tall buildings nearby to look down on it. Jez moved stealthily toward the door. Her feet made no noise on the pitted asphalt of the roof, and she was in a state of almost painfully heightened awareness. In the old days sneaking up on another gang member had been a game. You got to laugh at them if you could startle them, and they got to be furious and humiliated. Today it wasn’t a game. Jez started toward the warped wooden door-then stopped. Doors were trouble. Morgead would have been an idiot not to have rigged it to alert him to intruders. Cat-quiet, she headed instead for a narrow metal ladder that led to the roof of the wooden structure. Now she was on the real top of the building. The only thing higher was a metal flagpole without a She moved noiselessly across the new roof. At the far edge she found herself looking four stories straight down. And directly below her there was a window. An open window. Jez smiled tightly. Then she hooked her toes over the four-inch lip at the edge of the roof and dropped gracefully forward. She grabbed the top of the window in mid-dive and hung suspended, defying gravity like a bat attached upside down. She looked inside. And there he was. Lying on a futon, asleep. He was sprawled on his back, fully clothed in jeans, high boots, and a leather jacket. He looked good. Just like the old days, Jez thought. When the gang would stay out all night riding their bikes and hunting or fighting or partying, and then come home in the morning to scramble into clothes for school. Except Morgead, who would smirk at them and then collapse. He didn’t have parents or relatives to keep him from skipping. I’m surprised he’s not wearing his helmet, too, she thought, pulling herself back up to the roof. She picked up the fighting stick, maneuvered it into the window, then let herself down again, this time hanging by her hands. She slid in without making a noise. Then she went to stand over him. He hadn’t changed. He looked exactly as she remembered, except younger and more vulnerable because he was asleep. His face was pale, making his dark hair seem even darker. His lashes were black crescents on his cheeks. Evil and dangerous, Jez reminded herself. It annoyed her that she had to remind herself of what Morgead was. For some reason her mind was throwing pictures at her, scenes from her childhood while she was living here in San Francisco with her Uncle Bracken. A five-year-old Jez, with shorter red hair that looked as if it had never been combed, walking with a little grimy-faced Morgead, hand in hand. An eight-year-old Jez with two skinned knees, scowling as a businesslike Morgead pulled wood splinters out of her legs with rusty tweezers. A seven-year-old Morgead with his face lit up in astonishment as Jez persuaded him to try the human thing called ice cream†¦. Stop it, Jez told her brain flatly. You might as well give up, because it’s no good. We were friends then-well, some of the time-but we’re enemies now. He’s changed. I’ve changed. He’d kill me in a second now if it would suit his purpose. And I’m going to do what has to be done. She backed up and poked him lightly with the stick. â€Å"Morgead.† His eyes flew open and he sat up. He was awake instantly, like any vampire, and he focused on her without a trace of confusion. Jez had changed her grip on the stick and was standing ready in case he went straight into an attack. But instead, a strange expression crossed his face. It went from startled recognition into something Jez didn’t understand. For a moment he was simply staring at her, eyes big, chest heaving, looking as if he were caught in between pain and happiness. Then he said quietly, â€Å"Jez.† â€Å"Hi, Morgead.† â€Å"You came back.† Jez shifted the stick again. â€Å"Apparently.† He got up in one motion. â€Å"Where the hell have you been?† Now he just looked furious, Jez noted. Which was easier to deal with, because that was how she remembered him. â€Å"I can’t tell you,† she said, which was perfectly true, and would also annoy the life out of him. It did. He shook his head to get dark hair out of his eyes-it was always disheveled in the morning, Jez remembered-and glared at her. He was standing easily: not in any attack posture, but with the relaxed readiness that meant he could go flying in any direction at any moment. Jez kept half her mind on watching his leg muscles. â€Å"You can’t tell me? You disappear one day without any kind of warning, without even leaving a note†¦ you leave the gang and me and just completely vanish and nobody knows where to find you, not even your uncle .. . and now you reappear again and you can’t tell me where you were?† He was working himself into one of his Extremely Excited States, Jez realized. She was surprised; she’d expected him to stay cooler and attack hard. â€Å"What did you think you were doing, just cutting out on everybody? Did it ever occur to you that people would be worried about you? That people would think you were dead?† It didn’t occur to me that anyone would care, Jez thought, startled. Especially not you. But she couldn’t say that. â€Å"Look, I didn’t mean to hurt anybody. And I can’t talk about why I went. But I’m back now-â€Å" â€Å"You can’t just come back!† Jez was losing her calm. Nothing was going the way she’d expected; the things she’d scripted out to say weren’t getting said. â€Å"I know I can’t just come back-â€Å" â€Å"Because it doesn’t work that way!† Morgead was pacing now, tossing hair out of his eyes again as he turned to glare at her. â€Å"Blood in, blood out. Since you’re apparently not dead, you abandoned us. You’re not allowed to do that! And you certainly can’t expect to just walk back in and become my second again-â€Å" â€Å"I don’t!† Jez yelled. She had to shut him up. â€Å"I have no intention of becoming your second-in-command!† she said when he finally paused. â€Å"I came to challenge you as leader.† Morgead’s jaw dropped. Jez let her breath out. That wasn’t exactly how she’d planned to say it. But now, seeing his shock, she felt more in control. She leaned casually against the wall, smiled at him, and said smoothly, ‘I was leader when I left, remember.† â€Å"You†¦ have got to be †¦ joking.† Morgead stared at her. â€Å"You expect to waltz back in here as leader?† â€Å"If I can beat you. I think I can. I did it once.† He stared for another minute, seeming beyond words. Then he threw back his head and laughed. It was a scary sound. When he looked at her again, his eyes were bright and hard. â€Å"Yeah, you did. I’ve gotten better since then.† Jez said three words. â€Å"So have I.† And with that, everything changed. Morgead shifted position-only slightly, but he was now in a fighting stance. Jez felt adrenaline flow through her own body. The challenge had been issued and accepted; there was nothing more to say. They were now facing each other ready to fight. And this she could deal with. She was much better at fighting than at playing with words. She knew Morgead in this mood; his pride and his skill had been questioned and he was now absolutely determined to win. This was very familiar. Without taking his eyes from her, he reached out and picked a fighting stick from the rack behind him. Japanese oak, Jez noted. Heavy, well-seasoned, resilient. Good choice. The fire-hardened end was very pointy. He wouldn’t try to use that first, though. First, he would go for disarming her. The simplest way to do this was to break the wrist of her dominant hand. After that he’d go for critical points and nerve centers. He didn’t play around at this. A minute change in Morgead’s posture alerted her, and then they were both moving. He swung his stick up and down in a perfect arc, aiming for her right wrist. Jez blocked easily with her own stick and felt the shock as wood clashed with wood. She instantly changed her grip and tried for a trap, but he whipped his stick out of the way and was facing her again as if he’d never moved in the first place. He smiled at her. He’s right. He’s gotten better. A small chill went through Jez, and for the first time she worried about her ability to beat him. Because I have to do it without killing him, she thought. She wasn’t at all sure he had the same concern about not killing her. â€Å"You’re so predictable, Morgead,† she told him. â€Å"I could fight you in my sleep.† She feinted toward his wrist and then tried to sweep his legs out from underneath him. He blocked and tried for a trap. â€Å"Oh, yeah? And you hit like a four-year-old. You couldn’t take me down if I stood here and let you.† They circled each other warily. The snakewood stick was warm in Jez’s hands. It was funny, some distant part of her mind thought irrelevantly, how the most humble and lowly of human weapons was the most dangerous to vampires. But it was also the most versatile weapon in the world. With a stick, unlike a knife or gun or sword, you could fine-tune the degree of pain and injury you caused. You could disarm and control attackers, and-if the circumstances required it-you could inflict pain without permanently injuring them. Of course if they were vampires, you could also kill them, which you couldn’t do with a knife or gun. Only wood could stop the vampire heart permanently, which was why the fighting stick was the weapon of choice for vampires who wanted to hurt each other†¦ and for vampire hunters. Jez grinned at Morgead, knowing it was not a particularly nice smile. Her feet whispered across the worn oak boards of the floor. She and Morgead had practiced here countless times, measuring themselves against each other, training themselves to be the best. And it had worked. They were both masters of this most deadly weapon. But no fight had ever mattered as much as this one. â€Å"Next you’re going to try for a head strike,† she informed Morgead coolly. â€Å"Because you always do.† â€Å"You think you know everything. But you don’t know me anymore. I’ve changed,† he told her, just as calmly-and went for a head strike. â€Å"Psyche,† he said as she blocked it and wood clashed with a sharp whack. â€Å"Wrong.† Jez twisted her stick sharply, got leverage on his, and whipped it down, holding it against his upper thighs. â€Å"Trap.† She grinned into his face. And was startled for a moment. She hadn’t been this close to him in a long time. His eyes-they were so green, gem-colored, and full of strange light. For just an instant neither of them moved; then-weapons down, their gazes connected. Their faces were so close their breath mingled. Then Morgead slipped out of the trap. â€Å"Don’t try that stuff,† he said nastily. â€Å"What stuff?† The moment her stick was free of his, she snapped it up again, reversing her grip and thrusting toward his eyes. â€Å"You know what stuff!† He deflected her thrust with unnecessary force. â€Å"That I’m Jez and I’m so wild and beautiful’ stuff. That ‘Why don’t you just drop your stick and let me hit you because it’ll be fun’ stuff.† â€Å"Morgead†¦ what are you†¦ talking about?† In between the words she attacked, a strike to his throat and then one to his temple. He blocked and evaded-which was just what she wanted. Evasion. Retreat. She was crowding him into a corner. â€Å"That’s the only way you won before. Trying to play on people’s feelings for you. Well, it won’t work anymore!† He countered viciously, but it didn’t matter. Jez blocked with a whirlwind of strikes of her own, pressing him, and then he had no choice but to retreat until his back was against the corner. She had him. She had no idea what he meant about playing on people’s feelings, and she didn’t have time to think about it. Morgead was dangerous as a wounded tiger when he was cornered. His eyes were glowing emerald green with sheer fury, and there was a hardness to his features that hadn’t been there last year. He does hate me, Jez thought. Hugh was wrong. He’s hurt and angry and he absolutely hates me. The textbook answer was to use that emotion against him, to provoke him and get him so mad that he gave her an opening. Some instinct deep inside Jez was worried about that, but she didn’t listen. â€Å"Hey, all’s fair, right?† she told him softly. â€Å"And what do you mean, it won’t work? I’ve got you, haven’t I?† She flashed out a couple of quick attacks, more to keep him occupied than anything else. â€Å"You’re caught, and you’re going to have to let down your guard sometime.† The green eyes that had been luminous with fury suddenly went cold. The color of glacier ice. â€Å"Unless I do something unexpected,† he said. â€Å"Nothing you do is unexpected,† she said sweetly. But her mind was telling her that provoking him had been a mistake. She had hit some nerve, and he was stronger than he’d been a year ago. He didn’t lose his temper under pressure the way he’d used to. He just got more determined. Those green eyes unnerved her. Move in hard, she thought. All out. Go for a pressure point. Numb his arm- But before she could do anything, a wave of Power hit her. It sent her reeling. She’d never felt anything exactly like it. It came from Morgead, a Shockwave of telepathic energy that struck her like a physical thing. It knocked her back two steps and made her struggle for balance. It left the air crackling with electricity and a faint smell of ozone. Jez’s mind spun. How had he done that? â€Å"It’s not hard,† Morgead said in a calm, cold voice that went with his eyes. He was out of the corner by now, of course. For a moment Jez thought he was reading her thoughts, but then she realized her question must be written all over her face. ‘It’s something I discovered after you left,† he went on. â€Å"All it takes is practice.† If you’re telepathic, Jez thought. Which I’m not anymore. The Night People are getting stronger, developing more powers, she thought. Well, Hugh had been right on that one. And she was in trouble now. Whack! That was Morgead going for a side sweep. He’d noticed her lack of balance. Jez countered automatically, but her head wasn’t clear and her body was ringing with pain. He’d shaken her, distracted her. â€Å"As you said, all’s fair,† Morgead said, with a small, cold smile on his lips. â€Å"You have your weapons. I have mine.† And then he threw another of those Shockwaves at her. Jez was better braced for it now, but it still rocked her on her feet, took her attention off her weapon- Just long enough for her to screw up and let him in. He drove upward to catch her stick from below. Then he twisted, sweeping her stick in a circle, forcing her off balance again, trying to topple her backward. As Jez fought to recover, he struck to her elbow. Hard. Wham! It was a different sound from the crisp whack when wood hit wood. This was softer, duller, the sound of wood hitting flesh and bone. Jez heard her own involuntary gasp of pain. Fire shot up her arm, into her shoulder, and for a moment she lost her grip on the stick with her right hand. She forced her fingers to close on it again, but they were numb. She couldn’t feel what she was holding. She couldn’t block properly with one arm useless. And Morgead was advancing, that deadly cold light in his eyes. Absolutely merciless. His movements were relaxed and easy; he knew exactly what he was doing now. Two more whacks and he got through her guard again. The oak stick slammed into her ribs and she felt another wave of sickening pain. Gray dots danced in front of her eyes. Fractured? Jez wondered briefly. She hoped not. Vampires could break each other’s ribs in fun and know that everything would heal in a day or two. But Jez wouldn’t recover like that. Morgead might kill her without even meaning to. She couldn’t let him keep striking her-but she couldn’t retreat, either. If he got her into a corner, she’d be lost. Whack-wham. He got her on the knee. Pain sparked up and down her leg, lighting every nerve. She had no choice but to back up. He was crowding her relentlessly, forcing her to the wall. Morgead flashed a smile at her. Not the cold smile. This one was brilliant, and very familiar to Jez. It made him look devastatingly handsome, and it meant that he was in absolute command of the situation. â€Å"You can give up anytime, now,† he said. â€Å"Because I’m going to win and we both know it.† How to cite Night World : Huntress Chapter 7, Essay examples

New Industries in the Caribbean free essay sample

Caribbean economies from their earliest periods of colonization were essentially agrarian based (during slavery). Economical activities included livestock farming and small farming done by the peasants. There were also trading and commerce which included the establishment of shops, inns and taverns. Large plantations were worked by a mass of slaves with the premier crop being Sugar Cane. When the colonizers first came to the West Indies they mainly grew crops such as coffee, cotton, ginger, banana and cocoa mainly for export. However during the second half of the 18th century, these crops lost their comparative advantage to sugar. When sugar experienced its depression the planters relaxed their stronghold over control of the land and some estate workers turned their attention to the peasant sector and other industries. NEW INDUSTRIES By the beginning of the twentieth century, the peasantry had begun to play a very important role in the diversification of the West Indian economies. The Royal Commissions before the Norman Commission, and the Norman Commissions had made recommendations for the development of the peasantry (Curtis: p 32). Many of the export crops recommended by the Norman Commission were already being cultivated by the peasantry. For these crops to have greater success, the peasantry would need capital for greater investment. But this capital was not forthcoming. This was due to the fact that they had limited capital, occupied small plots of land because they were charged a lot for these lands. Additionally the peasants cannot produce at subsistence level. The black peasantry in particularly faced a number of obstacles which included the increase in land prices, eviction from lands, refusal to subdivide and sell lands and also heavy taxations. The planters most of the times sold large pieces of lands for lower cost to the whites in comparison to the ex-slaves. Rice, which had been cultivated earlier as a subsistence crop in Guyana began to assume importance as a cash crop in the late nineteenth century. The abandonment of sugar cultivation on some estates made more land available, as did the opening up of riverain crown lands in 1898 on what for some were manageable terms of purchase. By 1900 government interest was being channeled through the board of agriculture ith conducted experiments in different rice varieties and supplied seed to the growers. A more objective was to develop a uniform grain size to reduce wastage in the milling process and by 1908 this had been substantially achieved. All of this stimulated further expansion so that, whereas in 1891 the land under rice amounted to only 4000 acres, there was a tenfold increase in the following two decades, and by 1917 for every ten acres planted in sugar, Guyana, eig ht acres were planted in rice. Expanding rice acreage was accompanied by the mushrooming of small mils. In 1914 there were 86 of them in existence. They were hardly elaborate structures but they were linked to the large mercantile firms in the capital and they controlled growers in the villages through a system of advances. Many of the millers, like many large rice growers were Indians who employed Indian labour, and the evidence suggests that ethnicity hardly guaranteed favourble treatment. In 1905 it was exporting to the Caribbean. Rice enjoyed considerable prosperity during the first war. In the inter-war period alternative sources of supply to the Caribbean market dried up and this provided the main basis for the steady expansion of the industry in Guyana. Guyana is by far the most important producer of rice in the Commonwealth Caribbean. There were about 20 thousand peasant farmers in 1952; by 1965 their numbers were believed to have more than doubled, reaching 45 thousand. There were 222 rice mills in 1960 and 199 in 1970. All were privately owned, except two which were owned and operated by the Rice Development Company. Bananas were first introduced into Jamaica in 1516. However the first exports took place in 1869 after the depression of sugar. As the industry flourished American companies came in to handle the trade as the peasants supplied bananas to a US [Boston] banana trader Lorenzo Dow Baker. Boston Fruit Company later formed to trade in Bananas with Caribbean and Central America which later became the United Fruit Company [UFCo]. By 1890 the value of Banana exports exceeded that of sugar and rum, and it retained this position except for a few years until the Second World War. By 1937 Jamaica provided twice as many stems as any other country in the world. It thus became a plantation crop-corporations and large entrepreneurs. Banana soon became the principal exports from Jamaica, and Windward Island. Trading partners also changed-Destination was now USA. During the war the industry declined because the ships could not be spared to transport the product. By the beginning of the nineteenth century coffee was also an important crop in Jamaica (The Banana production was done mainly by the Middle class mulattoes). During the depression sugar farmers in Trinidad turned their attention to cocoa which was the first major export of the island, and by 1900 it had become the major export once again. It retained this position until 1921 when Ghanaian cocoa began to swamp the world market. During that time too cocoa was also an important crop in St. Lucia, St. Kitts and St. Vincent. In the 1930’s citrus, which had been cultivated in the stricken cocoa areas became important. So too did Pineapples in the 19th century. Relatively small scale farmers earned cash for production of bananas, coffee, cocoa and pimento for exports. They also produced tubers, fruits and vegetables for domestic markets. A substantial part of small farming was for subsistence with relatively small surpluses for sale. Bauxite, tourism and urban-based manufacturing and services replaced export agriculture as the dominant sectors of the economy in the post-war era, as the British West Indies pursued a programme of industrialization-by-invitation The mineral resources which include bauxite, aluminum, gold et cetera have been developed by foreign capital and for the export market, to a much greater extent than the main agricultural products. In Guyana the American-owned Bauxite industry shipped its first load of ore in 1922. Expansion was steady throughout the inter-war period but it was not until the second war that bauxite became an important force in the economy. The Jamaican bauxite industry was developed by American companies after the second war. Demand for aluminum by the United States military and space programmes and by the automobile and other consumer goods industries created a lucrative market for bauxite and aluminum. As of such in 1957 Jamaica became the world’s leading bauxite producer and the main U. S. supplier. The U. S. dollar earnings from this new export financed the import of capital goods manufacturing industries that were set up to produce for the growing domestic and regional markets. The investment cycle of the multinational bauxite mining companies began topping offs as the decade of the 1960s drew to a close. Bauxite and aluminum thus replaced sugar and bananas as the leading export product after the Second World War. In 1964 Jamaican bauxite industry had over 800 registered manufacturing establishments including a cement factory, cigarette factories, breweries and bottling plants, extiles, clothing factories and plant producing soap, margarine and edible oil. In February 1967 an agreement was announced between the Jamaican government and an American metal-fabrication company to erect an aluminum plant in Jamaica. The petroleum industry in Trinidad and Tobago is the oldest mineral industry in the common-wealth Caribbean. The first successful well dates back to 1857 but it was not until the first decade of this century that the industry was established. By 1909 the country was exporting oil and by 1919 five refineries were in operation. The industry is largely owned and controlled by foreigners. The production of crude oil is mainly in the hands of four companies-Texaco, Shell, Trinidad Northern Area owned by Trinidad Tesoro, Shell and Texaco as equal partners. However by 1980 the government had purchased all foreign operations except Amoco. The tourist industry was developed after the Second World War, and this two is foreign owned and controlled. This industry is an offshoot of the banana and bauxite industry especially in Jamaica. The establishment and development of the tourist industry were facilitated by incentive legislation and special institutions. Jamaica passed the Hotels Aid Law, 1944, granting accelerated depreciation allowances and duty-free importation of materials for the construction and furnishing of hotels, and the Hotel Incentives Law, 1968, granting tax holidays and other concessions. The Hotel Aids Act passed in Barbados in 1967 allows duty free importation of building materials and equipment and grants a tax holiday of ten years. And all three territories set up Tourists Boards to promote and service the industry. As in the other generating sectors of the economies, there is a large proportion of foreign ownership in the tourist industry. In 1971 thirty-five per cent of the hotels in Jamaica were wholly foreign owned, 56 per cent wholly locally owned and 9 per cent joint ventures. Foreign ownership was more pronounced in Barbados. Foreigners owned 61 per cent of the capacity there: 33 per cent was owned by nationals of the United Kingdom. 16 per cent by Canadians and 12 per cent by Americans. Barbadians owned 34 per cent, and 5 per cent was jointly owned. Local ownership was dominant (80 per cent) among the smaller establishments which provided 25 per cent of the total capacity. Trade and commerce was also taking place in many places in the British West Indies as well. According to Beckles and Shepherd (1993) â€Å"export trade in the British Islands showed in a number of the units spectacular increases to the peak of prosperity between 1929 and 1940. † British Guiana traded with Europe and North America, commodities such as sugar cane, coffee and fruits. Trinidad exported petroleum products such as oil to places such as North America and the United Kingdom. Jamaica too traded tropical fruits, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa and other commodities with Europe and North America. In the late 1950s, Jamaica became the biggest supplier of bauxite to the United States. RACE: The Indians are concentrated mainly on the sugar estates while the Africans are concentrated in the villages and the towns. The Africans have always been more mobile geographically and socially and the chief supporters of the urbanization movement. They provide the overwhelming majority of the labour force in the bauxite industry and mining camps in the interior of Guyana, and the petroleum industry in Trinidad, and the bulk of the factory and service workers in both countries. Until the 1950s they occupied a somewhat monopolistic position in the white-collar and professional positions. The Indians supply the bulk of the field sugar workers and also the rice producers in Guyana. -Europeans owned most of the wealth-producing assets in the colonial economy. The indigenous Ihere, imported labour] populations were allowed to engage in small-scale peasant farming on the fringes of large white-owned plantations but mainly relegated to providing cheap labour for the white settlers in the expanding corporate economy. Where this posed problems, intermediary racial groups (Chinese, Indians, etc. ) were brought in to fill the gaps in labour supply. As export staples increased the wealth base of the colonial economy and as some diversification into minerals, tourism and manufacturing increased that wealth base further, commerce and services expanded. This opened up opportunities for small-scale capital and smaller entrepreneurial firms to operate alongside the large white-controlled corporations. (Thompson: p 244). In Jamaica, this intermediate minority group comprised immigrant white ethnics like the Lebanese and Jews (who joined a much older community of Jamaican Jews dating back to the period of colonization and settlement) and the Chinese, whose upper and middle echelons, occupying a shopkeeper niche, secured for the group the real and/or symbolic function of social whites. A racially mixed brown middle class also formed a component of this minority, intermediary ethnic group. The traditional white planter class was displaced both by foreign corporate capital, whose interests were concentrated on sugar, and later bauxite and tourism, and the intermediary ethnic groups with whom they eventually merged. The latter groups formed a domestic merchant and manufacturing sector alongside the transnational enclaves. A black rural middle class emerged on the basis of medium-sized holdings concentrating on export crops such as bananas, pimento, coffee and citrus. They comprised a tiny minority of the rural population, however, most of whom occupied a range between full-time peasants and full-time proletarians. The race related dualism of Caribbean economy was classically exhibited in the division between the (TNC or Jamaica-white-owned) plantation and (black) peasant economies of rural Jamaica. In 1938, this division was reflected in a tenure system which concentrated over fifty per cent of agricultural land into some 800 holdings and left nearly 100,000 poor peasants and their families with twelve per cent of the land* (Post, 1981: 2-3). In addition, the black peasant economy was itself internally stratified, partly along the lines of the division between export production and domestic food crop production, which was itself related to size of holding. In addition, there were roughly 80,000 households at the lower margins of the peasantry with an average of a quarter of an acre each. .A significant bureaucratic and professional black middle class emerged, but Blacks failed to challenge the entrenched economic positions of the intermediary-ethnic elites. In the meantime, economic frustration and disfranchisement led large numbers of peasant and working class Blacks to participate in a massive outward migration to Britain and a large-scale exodus from rural to urban areas, which translated rural poverty into urban ghettoes and urban poverty (ibid. : 252). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many ethnic elites from the BWI began migrating abroad. This created unanticipated and unexpected new openings for black entry into the entrepreneurial class and facilitated large-scale entry of Blacks into the middle and upper levels of private sector management (ibid: 254). Blacks became well established within the corporate managerial elite and gained a foothold in many sectors of the economy manufacturing, construction, business services, tourism, commerce and agriculture alongside the still dominant minority ethnic groups. Their enterprises tended to be smaller, but a few were large. Other developments were the growth of import-trade higglering, which represented an expansion and in some cases a very lucrative enhancement of a traditional female working class role. The big corporate sector enterprises in insurance, banking, distribution, manufacturing, hotels and services remained under the predominant ownership of the economically dominant minority Jews, Whites, Lebanese and Browns. Indeed, migration of some of the less important families appears to have facilitated a consolidation and expansion of corporate ownership among the biggest capitalist families.

Legal and professional issue

Question : Discuss about the Legal and Professional Issue ? Answer : Introduction In this case, an attempt is made to analyze the legal and professional issues related to various case studies. The cases are solved after referring to the appropriate legal resources. The conclusion in every case study is reached after reflecting and critically analyzing the legal issue that have been identified. Issue In this case, it can be seen that the Mr. B is terminally ill and is on heavy medication. Mr. B has developed a pressure area so doctors changed his position in every two hours. He found the process very painful and requested the doctor to discontinue the operation. However, the specialist in charge of Mr. B rejected his request and continued the process of repositioning every two hours. The issue in this case is to ascertain whether the request of the patient or the advice of the specialist should be followed. Laws and Informations The Code of Ethics and Professional conduct in Value Statement 1 provides that Respect clients individual needs. It states that nurse should provide care that is in accordance with the values and needs of the client. The value statement 2 of the code of ethics and professional conduct provides for Respect and promote clients autonomy. This means that the client should have the right to determine the treatment and nurses should provide necessary information that is necessary to make informed decision. The value statement 7 provides that Advocate the best interest of the client. This means that the nurse shall promote the interest of the client (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Application The above-mentioned value statement requires the nurses should assist client in decision-making. As per the Value Statement 1, the Mr. B should be allowed to express the individual needs and values. These needs should be taken into account while planning for optimal care for Mr. B. The value statement 2 requires that nurses should inform Mr. B about various nursing caring options that are available. Mr. B should be provided necessary information so that he can make informed decision. It should be noted that the value statement 2 clearly provides that if a client makes an informed decision regarding accepting or refusing treatment then it should be accepted. However, it is further provided that if they are unable to comply with the request of the client for providing alternative treatments. Then appropriate care should be given to Mr. B until alternative arrangements are made (Griffith Tengnah, 2014). Based on the above discussion it can be concluded the decision of Mr. B should be respected and an alternative treatment should be thought. However, until the alternative treatment is provided appropriate care should be taken. In this case, patient C was an accountant and sole bed eared of the family. She had a cardiac rhythm problem and was admitted to the hospital. There was wrong administration of medicine and as a result, she suffered cardiac arrest. The issue in this case is to ascertain the liability of the negligence. The Value Statement 5 states that provide care in a responsible and accountable manner. This means it is the responsibility of the nurse to ensure that the client receives effective, safe sand ethical health care (Johnstone, 2015). The value statement 5 makes it mandatory for a nurse to safeguard the interest of the client from incompetent. Illegal and unethical practices. It is the responsibility of the nurse to ensure that the health and safety of the client is not compromised due to the omission or commission in the nursing activity. In this case, Patient C suffered cardiac arrest due to omission and commission of nursing activity of ED and RNZ. As a result, the value statement provides that appropriate authority should be informed about the event that endangers the health and safety of the client (Ellis, 2016). Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that due to omission or commission of nursing activity the Patient C has suffered cardiac arrest. Therefore, appropriate authorities should be informed so that they can take appropriate action against ED and RNZ. In this case, controlled medication is going missing is compromising the care of the patient. There is evidence that the nurse M is involved with this event. However, she has denied the allegations. In this case, the issue is to ascertain whether the matter should be taken up to the senior management. The Value Statement 9 provides that Maintain a practice environment that is conducive to the provision of ethical behavior. The nurses is required to collaborate with the health care colleagues in order to maintain an ethical culture in the working environment. This is attained through mutual trust and respect on the expertise of the other (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). The value statement 10 provides that Promote the professions ethical standards and maintain public trust in the nursing profession. This statement requires that nurses should maintain high standard of ethical behavior in the profession. It is necessary to maintain the necessary trust and belief in the profession. The value statement 5 provides for Provide care in a responsible and accountable manner. It is the responsibility of the nurse to ensure that the client receives an effective, safe and ethical health care (Carney, 2016). The nurses should have respect for each others values and they should collaborate with others to provide the ethical health care. They should have the appropriate knowledge to resolve the issues related to ethical behavior. In this case, a controlled medication is going missing as a result the patients care is compromised. The responsibility of the nurse includes safeguarding the interest of the client against incompetent, unethical and illegal practices. In this case, the action of nurse M is against the ethical standards and it makes the practice environment unethical. Therefore, appropriate authorities should be informed about the event missing medicine and that nurse m is suspected of professional misconduct (Ramanathan Fisher, 2016). The act of omission or commission that is against the acceptable standards for ethical practice for nursing and professional behavior is defined as Professional misconduct (Hood, 2013). The nurses should be held responsible for the actions: That harms the client, The professional relationship with the client is abused and That brings bad reputation to the profession, In this case, the nurses may face disciplinary actions initiated by the Singapore Nursing Board. Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the Nurse M has violated Value statement 5, 9 and 10. Therefore, appropriate authorities should be informed so that disciplinary actions can be taken against nurse M. In this case, Mr. D had a chest pain and his son admitted him. He was agitated when doctor started the treatment and wanted to go home. The issue here is to ascertain the necessary steps that should be taken to ensure that the treatment is taken by the patient. The Value statement 1 requires Respect clients individual values and needs. This statement provides that the client should be actively involved in providing the health care services. The value statement 2 states that Respect and promote clients autonomy. This means that the client has the right to determine the care needed based on the informations provided (Howatson-Jones et al., 2015). Application The application of the value statement states nurse should inform the client about the nursing care options that are available. They should provide all the necessary information so that the client can make appropriate decision (Krishna Menon, 2014). The informed decision of the client should be respected and when the client is unable to make an informed decision, they should collaborate with other members in the medical team to provide a medical treatment. In this case, Mr. D is not willing to take treatment though he has been diagnosed of having infract (Ptalo Kyngs, 2016). The informed decision of the client should be respected but in this case, the Mr. D has become agitated and is not taking making an informed decision. It is the responsibility of the nurses to provide the best treatment to the client. They should try to persuade the client about the treatment in the meanwhile alternative treatment should be provided so that the situation is not aggravated (Edmonson et al., 2017 ). Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that Mr. D is not making informed decisions so the nurses should try to persuade him to take the treatment. The discussion above shoes that the nursing and medical profession is strictly guided by ethical and professional behavior. The result on various cases have been reached by applying the provision of the value statements. Reference Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013).Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Cengage Learning. Carney, M. (2016). Regulation of advanced nurse practice: its existence and regulatory dimensions from an international perspective.Journal of nursing management,24(1), 105-114. Edmonson, C., McCarthy, C., Trent-Adams, S., McCain, C., Marshall, J. (2017). Emerging Global Health Issues: A Nurse's Role.Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,22(1). Ellis, P. 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